JOURNAL |
PROCEEDINGS ROYAL SOCIE! ~ NEW SOUTH WALES, ~ 1881.
EDITED BY : A. LIVERSIDGE, _ Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University
THE AUTHORS OF PAPERS AR
NOTICE.
The Smithsonian Institute, Washington, U.S.A, and Messrs. Tritbner & Co., 57, Ludgate Hill, London, have kindly undertaken to receive and forward parcels
of books and printed matter intended for the Society.
Donations To THE Buitpine Funp oF THE Roya Society oF New Sourn WaALtgs.
£a.-d, oe Aes Contributions as per original list ... a a sheik stmt eee aor Hi; during 1880... 25 ut ve st ne OR ae
1881. Abbott, J. P. Brindley, Thomas Brown, H. J. Dixon, W. A. (total Sano: £5 bs 2) De Salis, L. W., jun. (total donation, eu Is. We Griffiths, F. C. (total donation, £10 5s.) Hirst, G. D. Hunt, Rober’, (total ‘identine, ‘7 Ts. ) Leibius, Dr. (total donation, £7 7s.) Liversidge, Professor (total donation, £12 2s. 2
Moore, Charles (total ‘Ditiabions: £7 2s. br:
Russell, H. C., B.A. (total donation, eld ee
Smith, The Hon. J., C.M.G., &c. (total dona- tion; £6 1s.):... a ey: : =
Lee eee I cee oo oe coe) Od Le ee ee oO 2:0 © 6 @:°O@ ©-6 60 So: oO
By 1204 Ward, J. W. (total donation, £11 6s.) ... Rec eee aie Rg Wilkinson, C. 8S. (total donation, £7 7s,) ee ES 8 Wright, H. G. A., M.R.C.S.E. (total donation, C7182). oe ay rhe oes de dey | Cee 2 4 0 wae £1,198.) 28 Annual Subscriptions promised. ; Be & mids he - “Dian, W. A., F:C,8.:. eo ee V sae . Hirst, G. D. a se a We es - OS aaa Mess Hunt, Robert, FG. oS ke, ae Ge ae site Me LW Leibius, Dr., F.C.8., &c. a Ae ei aversidge, Professor, F.C.S., oe lid 6. ae? bie Se ae we es) Ee Mes hictee F.LS. ren hy ee i Bi Wes: a ae ois “Russell, H. C., B.A., FRAS., &e. (ete Oe ae Smith, The Hon. J., C.M.G., &e. fis ie Wilkinson, C. S., F.G.S 1 2G . L-be
“Wright, H. G. A., MRC 18.5. A
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Contribution from the Society’s Funds se
JOURNAL
. PROCEEDINGS
BOY AE SOCTE sie | NEW SOUTH Wares edn | oIBBT:
aia : x is ‘ oe f |
: F 2 “ eS ie tae * ee ee ae tis 4 : « ya adr ae M : ee 5 fe : \ ; : Ake we EDI TED BY i Mi :
eee: A. LIVERSIDGE, - Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney. f z
bee | ME ACTORS oF arene Ane ARE ALONE RESPO neerons Soe er ae B AND THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED SED THEREIN. : ‘ ‘ ss
_ AGENTS. FoR < Co.,
NOTICE.
Tue Royat Society of New South Wales originated in 1821 as the ‘‘ Philosophical Society of Australasia” ; after an interval of inactivity, it was resuscitated in 1850, under the name of the “ Australian Philosophical Society,” by which title it was known until 1856, when the name was changed to the ‘‘ Philosophical Society of New South Wales”; and finally, in 1866, by the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, it assumed
its present title.
CONTENTS.
VOLUME XV.
Art. I.—List or OFFIcers ART. II.—Acr or IncorPporatTion Arr. III.—Rutzs, and List of Members
Arr. IV.—ANnNIVERSAR Sivecr op By Hom. Professor Smith, C.M.G., &e., &e.; Presiden
Art. V.—The Climate of Toy By Hy. Ling Roth, obs M. 8. (Diagram) .
&e.
ART. VI.—Notes of a a ee Pe : ' Abbott, Wingen, N.S.W
—Astronomy of the Australian Aborigines. By the
“Ker. Peter MacPherson, M.A. 2 The Spectrum and Appearance ofthe recent Comet. Cc. “eng eepaes
ent Astron ART Seca of Paes Hines 8th, meee _ Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Government Astrono . “Arr. XI. —On the Inorganic Constituents of some Spiny ss _ Ferns. » By W. A. Dixon, F.LO., F.C.S. ee . XIIT.—Census of the Genera of Plants hitherto kien as” ‘Baron Ferd. ‘von. ‘Mueller, ECMG, MD. Ph.D., Be Ss. .
ge ce cee came CONTENTS.
oy ‘ y ' # _~« PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECTIONS
see rerine
PAPERS READ BEFORE THE SECTIONS. On the Star Lacaille 2145, By Jobn Tebbutt, F.R.A.S. On the Variable Star R. Carine. By John Tebbutt, F,R.A. S. On oe for Longitude at Lambie. By W. J.
The Orbit-Elements of Comet II, 1881. By John Tebbutt,
As Insanity eee ? By F. Norton Manning, M.D.......
AppeNpiIx: Abstract of the Meteorological Observations at the Sy ee Blea vaktry. H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S,
- Raryrart Mar or New Sours Watzs for the year 1881. H. c. ussell, B.A., F.R.AS,
List or PUBLICATIONS InpEex
423 437
a4,
Oe Royal Soviely of Alety South
; OFFICERS FOR 1881-82. HONORARY PRESIDENT sire Na — < AIS EXCELLENCY Tun io Hoy. LORD AUGUSTUS LOFTUS,
i.
&0., wate &o.
H. C. RUSSELL, B.A., FR.AS., FMLS., &c.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES INCORPORATION.
An Act to incorporate a Society called ‘*The © = Royal Society of New South Wales.” [16 | December, 1881. |
nie 6 mer eres a Society called (with the ants of Her Preamble - é Most Gracious Majesty the Queen) “ yal Society of New South Wales” has under certain ate and
and me
Baellncy ath Right Honcrabis Lond Kergranting Loftus P.C.
‘i G.C.B. eg President The Honorable John Smith i. * C.M.G. M.D. LL.D. President and Charles Moore hee
‘y of Great Britain and Ireland Honorary An. eee Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry = reat Britain and Ireland G. D. Hirst Esqu ;
~ Charles a Wilkinson. Esquire Government Gleoloiiat - Members of the Council And whereas it is expedient that |
e powe: inafter contai it therefore enacted by the Queen’s nae Excellent Majesty _ by and with the advice and consent of t egislative Council —
and Legislative Assembly of New South Wales i in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same as follows :—
ati 1. For the purposes of this Act the following words in i inverted commas shall unless the context ee nee indicate bear the meaning set against them respectiv a “ Corporation” the Society hereby Seapentd ae “Council” the Members of the Council at any duly con- vened meeting thereof at which a quorum according —_
to the by-laws at the time being shall be present “i “Secretary” such person or either one of such persons who shall for the time being be the Secretary or Secretaries honora ary or herve of the said Society (saving and excepting any Assistant Secretary ea
the said Soci ety Ae
: Officers and Members of the said Ser hs for the time qe and all persons who shall in manner provided by the rules. a Le _ and by-laws for the time being of the said Society become members thereof shall be for the purposes hereinafter hey mentioned a body corporate by the name or style of “The —
Royal Society - of New South Wales” and by that name shall and may have al si
xv
or may be inconsistent or incompatible with or repugnantto the provisions of this Act or mi of the laws now or ~ hereafter to be in bigs in the said Co.
pi an Ror
had er shall have power to sass and sl ton oo iy
ever nature now belonging to the said Society under the - said rules and by-laws or vested in Trustees for them — ae - on the passing ef this Act be vested in and becom property of the said Corporation subject = all charges gas and demands in anywise affecting the sa
5. ordinary business of the sr in reference ordi a its property shall be managed by the Council and it shall wful for individual members to interfere in a
way in ‘the management of the affairs of the Corpora’ te a except y the rules and by-laws for the time being shall . | be esl seravite ed.
ate 6. The Council shall have the general management and Powersot superintendence of the affairs of the ( Corporation.and except- Come! ing the appointment of President and Vice-Presidents and nae _ other honorary officers who shall be appointed as the by-laws’ ss of apie: (eps shall from time to time pale the Council me sh the niagara of all o d servan
fe the Galeries ca officers. ee that if a vacancy shall occur in the Council during any current year of the Society's proceedings it shall be lawful for the Council to elect a member of the Society to fill such vacancy for the {unexpired portion of the then current year The Council may also purchase or rent land houses or offices and erect
cg re =
‘money for purposes of the Corporation on mortgages of _ "the real and chattel property of the Gacpdiation orany part _ thereof or may borrow money without security provided that _ the senate SO borrowed without security shall never exceed . int &
Ae and agree to the covenants paver and authorities = ve alah ponte in the securities aforesai ae
ual thereto in ao but shall not be
or deeds may be req dens on behalf of the Corporation but it shall not be neces sary neh use the oo — in ss age of the ordinary business ~~ of the Corpora for the appointment of their ae Snviniice Soticitor ¢ or nora aivets
9. The production of a. biked’ or written copy of sites rules and by-laws of the Loeporatii certified in writing by. the Sec:
been. made under the authority of this
In case any of the elections sisal by the rules on :
be competent to the Council or to the members as the : may be to make such elections ae at any ordinary — Hees of the Council or at any annual or tea general”
INDEX TO RULES.
Annual General Meeting... ves sis uot oe ves ws. OE Annual Report ye ie — wo ee vat ae Auditors and Audit ‘of ‘ie: Su pe ae ve Scset oe
Admission of Visitors .., Soe ae ae “oe ens ove ae ¥3 of Members .. ce on ve rr = Annual Subscription x = ive eve eos sa + 9,12 ms in arrears ... ees ee « es Pa Ballot, diaction by, ot Officers and Council ae A : Members and Corresponding M Meher iss Oy Ae ‘A majority of Sanelifths necessary ee ve Oy Business, po: of os es wae se ee Branch Societies ... it a _ is ie oye, Se Cabinets or Cis ons . a sé we re oxi ie Oe, Contributions to the Society ae “ ie éve wi ee ae Corresponding Members .. ee oe ies is ee gee ae
Quorum “ ee acs wes ci He ee detiAitis for on ae — oe aes aes Se 8 Committees or Sections ... nu = nae on oe re ie Chairman . ae wai can ve : 33 Documents .. see i ae rom ee
ection of new ee wes sae me cea pe -- 8-12 » Notification of ... ene ae pe oe ies ae Ae trance Fee ies oa ae ae soe wae os io ke
En Expulsion of Members... os ees cas ce ae see
Fees and Subscriptions ... wes vos eee ons = et 9
Honorary Members +e ats te ms ae ee RE Library
Metin, Orinery Gon te o pe eon a ae
is ee sae ese
Money Grants... te re = oe ae =
: Object of the Society ... one fee wes ie oe 3 ‘ion of .. ese : ae ss = ise
» Vacancies sttiongat vie aa oa we es ove
Order xe! Business ive se ig on ove Presiden ; “re * ss ve wee Pidperty of the Sovi ve ee ay bas
Quorum at the naira Meeting:
» for the Election of Officers ant of new y Manibers poe
ve m Sections ... ive live is Gas vee
Resignations . Se ave oie oe eve oe
, Alteratio “ ea wae eae Pr sae
ineers, Appointment of... ee eve rie “os
Sections, Membership of ... Be si ia ve wae
or Committ ise wa ye sie eae ios
- Secretaries, Pane Duties of ae Sk aes tie ies ry
Subserptions
Vacancies in dai at ‘ie Ses ae 6 oe
RULES.
(Revised October 1st, 1879.)
Object of the Society.
I. The object of the Society is to receive at its stated meetings original papers on Science, Art, Literature, and Philosophy, and especially on such subjects as tend to develop the resources of Australia, and to illustrate its Natural History and Productions.
Honorary President. II. The Governor of New South Wales shall be ex officio Honorary President of the Society.
Other Officers.
Ill. The other Officers of the Society shall consist of a President, who shall hold office for one year only, but shall be eligible for re-election after the lapse of one year; two Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, and one or more Secretaries, who, with six other Members, shall constitute a Council for the management of the affairs of the Society.
Election of Officers and Council.
IV. The President, Vice-Presidents, Secretaries, Treasurer, and the six other Members of Council, shall be elected annually by ballot at the General Meeting in the month of May.
Y. Tt shall be the duty of the Council each year to prepare a list containing the names of members whom they recommend for election to the respective offices of President, Vice-Presidents, Hon. Secretaries and Hon. Treasurer, together with the names of six other members whom they recommend for election as ordinary members of Council. .
The names thus recommended shall be proposed at one meeting of the Council, and agreed to at a subsequent meeting, ._
xx
Such list shall be suspended in the Society’s Rooms, and a copy hall be sent to each ordinary member not less than fourteen days — before the day appointed for the Annual General Meeting.
VI. Each member present at the Annual General Meeting shall have the power to alter the list of names recommended by the Council, by adding to it the names of any eligible members not already included in it and removing from it an equivalent number of names, and he shall use this list with or without such alterations as a balloting list at the election of Officers and Council
The name of each member voting shall be entered into a book, kept for that purpose, by two Scrutineers elected by the members present.
No ballot for the election of Members of Council, or of New Members, shall be valid unless twenty members at least shall record their votes.
Vacancies in the Council during the year. c: VII. Any vacancies occurring in the Council of Management — during the year may be filled up by the Council.
Candidates for admission, VII. Candidates must be at least twenty-one years of age. Every candidate for admission as an ordinary member of the — Society shall be recommended according to a prescribed form of certificate by not less than three members, to two of whom the — candidate must be personally known. : Such certificate must set forth the names, place of residence, — and qualifications of the candidate. ‘a The certificate shall be read at the three Ordinary General — Meetings of the Society next ensuing after its receipt, and during the intervals between those three meetings, it shall be ‘suspended in a conspicuous place in one of the rooms of the Society. a
xxi
The vote as to admission shall take place by ballot, at the Ordinary General Meeting at which the certificate is appointed to be read the third time, and immediately after such reading.
At the ballot the assent of at least four-fifths of the members yoting shall be requisite for the admission of the candidate.
Entrance Fee and Subscriptions.
IX. The entrance money paid by members on their admission shall be Two Guineas; and the annual subscription shall be Two Guineas, payable in advance ; but members elected prior to December, 1879, shall be required to pay an annual subscription of One Guinea only as heretofore.
The amount of ten annual payments may be paid at any time as a life composition for the ordinary annual payment.
New Members to be informed of their election.
X. Every new member shall receive due notification of his election, and be supplied with a copy of the obligation (No. 3 in Appendix), together with a copy of the Rules of the Society, a - list of members, and a card of the dates of meeting.
Members shall sign Rules—Formal admission.
XI. Every member who has complied with the preceding Rules shall at the first Ordinary General Meeting at which he shall be present sign a duplicate of the aforesaid obligation in a book to be kept for that purpose, after which he shall be presented by some member to the Chairman, who, addressing him by name, shall say :—“In the name of the Royal Society of New South ‘Wales I admit you a member thereof.”
Annual subscriptions, when due.
XII. Annual subscriptions shall become due on the Ist of May for the year then commencing. The entrance fee and first year’s subscriptiori of a new member shall become due on the — day of his election.
ts
_ Members whose subscriptions are unpaid not to enjoy privileges. XII. An elected member shall not be entitled to attend the meetings or to enjoy any privilege of the Society, nor shall his name be printed in the list of the Society, until he shall haye paid his admission fee and first annual subscription, and have returned to the Secretaries the obligation signed by himself.
Subscriptions in arrears.
XIV. Members who have not paid their subscriptions for the current year, on or before the 31st of May, shall be informed of the fact by the Hon. Treasurer,
No member shall be entitled to yote or hold office while his subscription for the previous year remains unpaid.
The name of any member who shall be two years in arrears with his subscriptions shall be erased from the list of members, but such member may be re-admitted on giving a satisfactory explanation to the Council, and on payment of arrears.
At the meeting held in July, and at all subsequent meetings for the year, a list of the names of all those members who are in 4 arrears with their annual subscriptions shall be suspended in the 4 Rooms of the Society. Members shall in such cases be informed that their names have been thus posted.
| Resignation of Members. ; 4
XV. Members who wish to resign their membership of the — Society are requested to give notice in writing to the Honorary a Secretaries, and are required to return all books or other property — belonging to the Society. 7
XVI. A majority of members present at any ordinary meet- ing shall have power to expel an obnoxious member from the Society, provided that a resolution to that effect has been moved - and seconded at the previous ordinary meeting, and that due
notice of the same has been sent in writing to the member
question, within a week after the meeting at which such resolution has been brought forward, ae
|
| |
Expulsion of Members. 7 :
i
aes
Honorary Members.
XVII. The Honorary Members of the Society shall be persons who haye been eminent benefactors to this or some other o the Australian Colonies, and distinguished patrons and promoters of the objects of the Society. Every person proposed as an Honorary Member must be recommended by the Council and elected by the Society. Honorary Members shall be exempted from payment of fees and contributions: they may attend the meetings of the Society, and they shall be furnished with copies of the publications of the Society, but they shall have no right to hold office, to vote, or otherwise interfere in the business of the Society.
The number of Honorary Members shall not at any one time exceed twenty, and not more than two Honorary Members shall be elected in any one year.
Corresponding Members.
XVIII. Corresponding Members shall be persons, not resident in New South Wales, of eminent scientific attainments, who may have furnished papers or otherwise promoted the objects of the Society.
Corresponding Members shall be recommended by the Council, and be balloted for in the same manner as ordinary Members.
Corresponding Members shall possess the same privileges only as Honorary Members.
“The number of Corresponding Members shall not exceed twenty-five, and not more than three shall be elected in any one
Ordinary General Meetings.
XIX. An Ordinary General Meeting of the Royal Society, to be convened by public advertisement, shall take place at 8 p.m., on the first Wednesday in every month, during the last eight — months of the year; subject to alteration by the Council with due notice. prise + thes
Xxiv Order of Business. XX. At the Ordinary General Meetings the business shall be transacted in the following order, unless the Chairman specially decide otherwise :—
1—Minutes of the preceding Meeting. 2—New Members to enrol their names and be introduced. 3—Ballot for the election of new Members. 4—Candidates for membership to be proposed. 5—Business arising out of Minutes. -6—Communications from the Council. 7—Communications from the Sections. 8—Donations to be laid on the Table and acknowledged. 9—Correspondence to be read. 10—Motions from last Meeting. 11—Notices of Motion for the next Meeting to be given in. 12—Papers to be read. 138—Discussion. 14—Notice of Papers for the next Meeting.
Annual General Meeting —Annual Reports. XXI. A General Meeting of the Society shall be held annually in May, to receive a Report from the Council on the state of the Society, and to elect Officers for the ensuing year. The Treasurer shall also at this meeting present the annual financial statement. Admission of Visitors.
_ XXID. Every ordinary member shall have the privilege of introducing two friends as visitors to an Ordinary General Meeting of the Society or its Sections, on the following con- Alitions :-—
1. That the name and residence of the visitors, together with the name of the member introducing them, be entered in a book at the time.
2. That they shall not have attended two consecutive — meetings of the Society or of any of its Sections in the — current year,
The Council shall have power to introduce visitors, i } of the above restrictions,
XIV
Council Meetings. XXIII. Meetings of the Council of Management shall take place on the last Wednesday in every month, and on such other days as the Council may determine.
Absence from Meetings of Council.— Quorum.
XXIV. Any member of the Council absenting himself from three consecutive meetings of the Council, without giving a satis- factory explanation in writing, shall be considered to have vacated his office. No business shall be transacted at any meeting of the Council unless three members at least are present.
Duties of Secretaries. XXY. The Honorary Secretaries shall perform, or shall cause the Assistant Secretary to perform, the following duties :—
1. Conduct the correspondence of the Society and Council.
2. Attend the General Meetings of the Society and the meetings of the Council, to take minutes of the pro- ceedings of such meetings, and at the commencement of such to read aloud the minutes of the preceding meeting.
3. At the Ordinary Meetings of the members, to announce the presents made to the Society since their last meeting ; to read the certificates of candidates for admission to the Society, and such original papers communicated to the Society as are not read by their respective authors, and the letters addressed to it.
4. To make abstracts of the papers read at the Ordinary General Meetings, to be inserted in the Minutes and printed in the Proceedings.
5. To edit the Transactions of the Society, and to superintend the making of an Index for the same.
6. To be responsible for the arrangement and safe custody of the books, maps, plans, specimens, and other property _ of the Society.
XXvi
7. To make an entry of all books, maps, plans, pamphlets, &e., in the Library Catalogue, and of all presentations to the Society in the Donation Book.
8. To keep an account of the issue and return of books, &c., borrowed by members of the Society, and to see that the borrower, in every case, signs for the same in — the Library Book.
9. To address to every person elected into the Society a printed copy of the Forms Nos. 2 and 8 (in the Appendix), together with a list of the members, a copy of the Rules, and a card of the dates of meeting; and — to acknowledge all donations made to the Society, by Form No. 6.
10. To cause due notice to be given of all Meetings of the Society and Council.
11. To be in attendance at 4 p.m. on the afternoon of
__ Wednesday in each week during the session.
12. To keep a list of the attendances of the members of the Council at the Council Meetings and at the ordinary General Meetings, in order that the same may be laid before the Society at the Annual General Meeting held
. in the month of May. The Honorary Secretaries shall, by mutual agreement, divide the performance of the duties above enumerated. a The Honorary Secretaries. shall, by virtue of their office, be is -members of all Committees appointed by the Council. 2
Xxvii Management of Funds.
XXVII. The funds of the Society shall be lodged at a Bank named by the Council of Management. Claims against the Society, when approved by the Council, shall be paid by the Treasurer.
All cheques shall be countersigned by a member of the Council.
Money Grants.
XXVIII. Grants of money in aid of scientific purposes from the funds of the Society—to Sections or to members—shall expire on the 1st of November in each year. Such grants, if not expended, may be re-voted.
XXIX. Such grants of money to Committees and individual members shall not be used to defray any personal expenses which a member may incur.
Audit of Accounts. ASS Two Auditors shall be appointed annually, at an Meeting, to audit the Treasurer’s Accounts. The accounts as audited to be laid before the Annual nee in May.
Property of the Society to be vested in the President, Sc. XXXI. All property whatever belonging to the Society shall be vested in the President, Vice-Presidents, Hon. Treasurer, and Hon. Secretaries for the time being, in trust for the use of the Society ; but the Council shall have control over the disburse- ments of the funds and the management of the property of the Society.
SEcTIONS. XXXII. To allow those members of the Societr who devote attention to particular branches of science fuller opportunities
and facilities of meeting and working together with fewer formal — : s
ul
XXVili restrictions than are necessary at the general Monthly Meetings
of the Society,—-Sections or Committees may be established in the following branches of science :—
Section A.—Astronomy, Meteorology, Physics, Mathematics, and Mechanics,
Section B.—Chemistry and Mineralogy, and their applicatio™ to the Arts and Agriculture.
Section O.—Geology and Palxontology.
Section oe i.e., Botany and Zoology, including Hutotnaloety
Seetion H.—Microscopical Science.
Section F.—Geography and Ethnology.
Section G.—Literature and the Fine Arts, including Architecture.
Section H.—Medical.
Section I—Sanitary and Social Science and Statistics.
Section Committees—Card of Meetings.
XXXII. The first meeting of each Section shall be appointed by the Council. At that meeting the members shall elect their own Chairman, Secretary, and a Committee of four ; and arrange the days and hours of their future meetings. A card showing the dates of each meeting for the current year shall be printed for distribution amongst the members of the Society.
Membership of Sections. XXXIV. Only members of the Society shall have the privilege of joining any of the Sections.
Reports from Sections.
XXXV. There shall be for each Section a Chairman to preside at the meetings, and a Secretary to keep minutes of the pro- ceedings, who shall jointly prepare and forward to the Hon. Secretaries of the Society, on or before the 7th of December in each year, a report of the proceedings of the Section during
that year, in order that the same may be transmitted to the Council.
°.
Reports,
XXXVI. It shall be the duty of the President, Vice-Presidents, and Honorary Secretaries to annually examine into and report to the Council upon the state of—
1. The Society’s house and effects.
2. The keeping of the official books and correspondence. 3. The library, including maps and drawings.
4, The Society’s cabinets and collections.
Cabinets and Collections. XXXVII. The keepers of the Society’s cabinets and collec- tions shall give a list of the contents, and report upon, the condition of the same to the Council annually.
Documents.
XXXVIII. The Honorary Secretaries and Honorary Treasurer shall see that all documents relating to the Society’s property, the obligations given by members, the policies of insurance, and other securities shall be lodged in the Society’s iron chest, the contents of which shall be inspected by the Council once in every year; a list of such contents shall be kept, and such list shall be signed by the President or one of the Vice-Presidents at the annual inspection.
Branch Societies.
XXXIX. The Society shall have power to form Branch So-
cieties in other parts of the Colony.
Library.
XL. The members of the Society shall have access to, and shall be entitled to borrow books from the Library, under such regulations as the Council may think necessary.
Alteration of Rules.
XILI. No alteration of, or addition to, the Rules of the Society shall be made unless carried at two successive General Meetings,
at each of which, twenty-five members at least must be present.
THE LIBRARY.
1. During the Session, the Library shall be open for consul- — tation and for the issue and return of books between 4 and6 p.m. on the afternoon of each Wednesday, and between 7 and 10 —
p.m. on the evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and
during the recess (January to end of April) on Wednesdays, )
from 4 to 6 and 7 to 10 p.m.
2. No book shall be issued without being signed for in the
Library Book.
3. Members are not allowed to have more than two volumes at a time from the Library, without special permission from one
of the Honorary Secretaries, nor to retain a book for a longer —
period than fourteen days; but when a book is returned by 4 member it may be borrowed by him again, provided it has not been bespoken by any other member. Books which have been
bespoken shall circulate in rotation, according to priority of
application.
4. Scientific Periodicals and Journals will not be lent until
the volumes are completed and bound.
5. Members retaining books longer than the time specified |
shall be subject to a fine of sixpence per week for each volume.
6. The books which have been issued shall be called in by the
Secretaries twice a year ; and in the event of any book not being
returned on those occasions, the member to whom it was issued shall be answerable for it, and shall be required to defray the cost of replacing the same.
xxxi Form No. 1. Royat Socrzety or New Sovrn Wats, Certificate of a Candidate for Election. Name Qualification or occupation ddre
88 being desirous of admission into the Royal Society of New South Wales, we, the undersigned members of the Society, propose and recommend him as a proper person to become a member thereof. Dated this day of From Persona KNOWLEDGE. From GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.
Signature of candidate ~~ receiv 18
certificate must be signed by at Viet three members, to two of whom candidate must be personally known.
Form No. 2 Royat Socrrry or New Sovrn WaALgs. The Society’s House, Sir, Sydney, ES: aa
I have the honour to inform you that you have this day been elected a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and I beg to forward to you a copy of the Rules of the Society, a printed copy of an obligation, a list of members, and a card announcing the dates of meeting during the present session.
According to the Regulations of the Society (vide Rule No. 9), you are required to pay your admission fee of two guineas, and annual subscription of two guineas for the current year, before admission. Youarealso requested - to sign and return the enclosed form of obligation at your earliest convenience. —
T have, &e., To Hon. Secretary. Form No. 3. , an Socrery or New Sovurn WALzzs.
I, the — do hereby engage that I will endeavour to promote the interests and welfare of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and to observe its Rules and By-laws, as long as I shall remain a member
Address . Date
Form No. 4, Rovat Soctery or New Sovrm Wares.
The Society’s House,
Sir, Sydney, 18:34
T have the honour to inform you that your annual subscription of
for the current year became due to the Royal Society of New South .
Wales on the Ist of May last.
It is requested that payment may be made by cheque or Post Office order drawn in favour of the Hon. Treasurer
I have, &c.,
To Hon. Treasurer.
Form No. 5, 4 Royat Socrery ory New Sourn Wats. 4 The Society’s House, 4 Sir, ydne 18. ; Tam desired by the Royal Society of New South Wales to forward to you a copy of its Journal forthe year 18 _, as a donation to the library of your Society. ‘ I am further reajuiatedl to mention that the Society will be thankful to ‘Teceive such of the very valuable publications issued by your Society as it i may feel disposed to send. I have the honour to be, : Sir, é Your most obedient servant, ;
Hon. Secretary. Form No. 6. Royat Soctery or New Sovrn Waxes. The Society’s House, Sydney, 18 . "6s behalf of the Royal Society of New South Wales, I beg to acknow- ledge the receipt of and I am directed to convey to you the best thanks of the Society for your most yaluable donation. T have the honour to be, ir, Your most obedient servant,
Hon. Secretary.
XXXili
Form No. 7. Balloting List for the Election of the Officers and Council.
Royat Socrery or New Souru be iaare
Batrtotine List for the election of the Officers nae Council.
Present Council. Names proposed as Members of the new Council.
President.
Vice-Presidents.
' Hon. Treasurer.
Hon. Secretaries.
Members of Council.
If you wish to substitute any other name in_ place of posed, -he printed name in the second column, and write Seals te hate tho thie, that w ou wish to substitute
Ree
P Members who have contributed Lae which have been epee in the Society's
Transactions or Journal ; 4
are also included. The numerals indicate the number of such contributio + Members of =~ Council,
t Life Mem!
1876 1878 1877 1878 1881 1876
ho rd
LIST OF THE MEMBERS
OF THE
oval Society of Hew Sonth Wales.
> Papers publis ed in the Transactions of the ch retains ical Society
Abbott, Joseph Palmer, 6 Wentworth Court, Elizabeth-street. Abbott, Tho: Gunnedah,
omas Kingsmill, P.M., Abbott, W.E., wrt. th Bi A
dams, Francis, A.J.S ney. Adams, P. F., Surveyor General — Point, St. Leonards. — nder, George = arent ret-street Alger, John, Macquarie-st: Allen, The Hon. Sir Gees Wigram, M.P., Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly, 124, Hlizabeth-street North.
Allerding, F., Hun
Allerding, H. R., Hunter-strect:
Allwood, Rey. Canon, B.A. Caniab. » Vice-Chancellor, University of Sydney,
—— — Wilson, M.B. Edin. , Mast. Surg. Edin., 455, Pitt-
ye Robert, 218, Macquarie-street Anderson, H. C. oe M.A., Sydney ekki School. Archer, W. H., F. 3 A., Australian Club.
strong, W. D., Surveyor General’s Office. Arnheim, E. H., Royal Mint, Sydney. Atchison, Cunningham Archibald, 0-E., North Shor Atherton, Ebenezer, M.R.C.S. Eng. OlGonell-stossh Austen, Henry, Hunter- street.
Backhouse, Benjamin, - yee Elizabeth Bay, Backhouse, Alfred P. ia A., “Ithaca,” Elizabeth Bay. d
NOTICE.
Members are p ly requested t icat y change
of address to the Hon. Secretaries, for which purpose this slip is inserted.
Corrected Address.
Name _.
Titles, &e..
Address
To the The Royal Society of N.S. W.,
XXxvi-
Campbell, The Hon. Alexander, M.L.C., Woollahra
Campbell, The Hon. Charles, ~~ i5C;, Clunes, South Kingston.
Cameron, John, surveyor, Barringun, vid
Campbell, Revd. Joseph, B. Mage iddgarville.”. Botany-street, 8 Hills.
Cane, Alfred, 110, Victoria-street
Cape, Alfred J., “ Torfrida,” Elizabeth Bay. iret Alfred, 185, Pitt-street.
Chard, J.8., District Surveyor, rmidale Chat Willian, Parkhouse, Parramatta Chisho. M
tarke, Willi Clay, William French, M.A., Cantab., = Syd., M.R.C. S. Eng.,
WO Clune, Michael Joseph, M.A., Lic. K. "& 'Q. Coll. Phys. Irel., Lic. R. Coll. Sur. Zrel., 12, College- -street. Codrington, John Fredk, M.R.C.S., E.; Lic. R.C. Phys., L.; C e.
. B.C. Oran Collie, Revd. Robert ; The ie Manse, calg oe. cameo Newtown. Colquhoun, tleangs 3, Mona-terrace, Rushcutters’ Ba Colyer, Henry Cox, M. a , Clinton, pone oven = Colyer, John Ussher Cox, A.S.N, Company, ron
omrie, James, Northfield, car ah Height
onder, Wm., Survey Office, Sydney.
“street. — The Hon, | Georg ifs enry, M.L.C., Mudgee, and Union
2 MF SNS Cox, James, M. D. Edin, C.M.Z.S., ¥.L.S., Hunter-stree Cracknell, E. C. _ Baperibtedaat of Telegraphs, Telegraph Office, corge-st
Creed, J. M Mildred, M.R.C.S. Eng., Scone.
Crou dace, Thomas, Lambton.
Crummer, Henry, Rialto Terrace, —— Cunningham, Andrew, Lanyon, Queanbeyan
Daintrey, Edwin, “ AZolia,” Randwi , John V., Telegraph Office, ae rge- — George e Frederick, M.R.C.S. ee Cuveal: street,
Dangar, w,, Frederick H., care of Dangar, Gedye, & Co., Mac- quar Darley, Cecil West, Newcastle. Darley, F. M., M.A., Un io b, Sydney. Davenport, Samuel, Adelaide, South, oe Dean, Alexander, J. P., Elizabeth-st Deck, John Field, M.D. 251 : Mo eorge H., Bayfield, Woolwich Road, ous s Hill. Delarue, ——o i 378, = e-street De —_ 8., 3, Barrack-stre De S a Hon. Le pee Fane, M.L.C., Cuppercumbalong,
Lany De Salis, ee W., junr., Strathmore, Bowen, Queensland.
eS Es ee ge ee oe
P8
oe
| aie ay a ee d. tDixo C.8., rignty — Member Inst. of Chemistry *Bvitain and Irel., Lecturer on Chemistry, School of aes ; Chemical Tabratory, 8 School of Arts, Sydney. Dixson, Craig, M.B., C.M., Edin., M.R.C.S., Eng., 2, Clarendon Terrace, Hlizabeth- street. Dixson, Thomas, M.B., C.M., Edin., 2 Kenilworth Lodge, is- las
Docker, Ernest B., M.A. gO Carhullen, Parramatta. Sole Wilfred i, _Craigstone, ’William- street South. ouglas, James, L.R.C.S. Edin te ga Glebe Road. Dowling, Neville, Wallis-street, "Wool rake, William Hedley, Fellow of = aA of Bankers, Lond., Colonial Bank of New Zealand, at N.Z Du Faur, Eccleston, F.R.G.S., Lands Office
Eales, J — Duckenfield Park, Morpeth — Myles, M.R.C.S. Eng., 2, Hyde Park Terrace, Liverpool-
fond
Kichler, Charles F., M.D. Heidelberg, M.R.C.S. Eng., Bridge-
street. Eldred, W. H., 62, Margaret-street. Elliott, F. Ww. "Blizabetle Bay. Ellis, Thomas ’ Augus tus, C.K. , City Bae Newcastle. Evans, Owen Spencer, M.R.C.S. En, “of Darling-street, Balmain. Evans, Dr. Thomas, Lady Young Terrace, Bridge-street. eg Dr. John Frazer, Carlton Terrace, Wynyard Sq
hentie 5 R., 177, Macquarie-street. Fairf s B., Herald Office, Hunter-street.
Finlayson, Davi anager, Union z Firth, Rev. Teak, Wesleyan Parsonage, St. Leonards. Fischer, nal F., M.D., M.R.C.S., Eng.; L.R.C.P., Lond.; 2 LS; F.R.MS. ; Mciber ‘tap. Botanical and Zoologi Society, Vienna; Corr. Member Imp. Society, vienna 251, Fitzgerald, R. D iF. L. ” Surveyor General’s Office. Flavelle, John, George-s reet. Forbes, Alexr. Leith, — re Dept. of Publie Instruction. ortescue. ee .B. Lond., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., Lyons’ Terrace. Rescinan. Joseph, MRCS. =a, L.R.C.P. ere: Lithgow. e Hon. ., M.L. g-street.
bs §
Frazer, Hon. Joh n, M.L.C., Yor! k-street. Fuller, Franeis J. ate Harbours and Rivers Office, Fitzroy Dock. Furber, T. F., Surveyor General’s Office.
1868 | Pi
ee
Gabriel, C. Louis, care of Dr. J. J. Hill, Lam Gardiner, Rey. Andrew, M.A., Rensiale =n Bridge
Garnsey, Rev. C. F., Christ Church Parsonage, Sydney. Garran, Andrew, LL.D. , Sydney Morning Herald Office, Hunter- rea
| Garvan, J. P., East St. Leona
P2 ee
Beare, Charles Townend ‘Bas tho urne,”” —— Point. George, Hugh, Sydne y Morning —— Office
George, W. R, 360 Geonge-str
ened, Francis, Occupation of oa Office.
Giblin, Vincent W., Australian Joint Stock Bank, Sydney. Gile . WwW. 0. Greenkrowes, Potts’s Poi
Gilliat, ‘Sealy Alfred, Australian Club. Gipps, F. F. B., C.E., 134, Pitt-stree Goddard, William °C. ., The Excha a New Pitt-street. Goergs, Karl W., Riviere ee ‘Woollahra
amden. Graham, Hon. Wm., M.L.C., 9 emer g ao Waverley. Greaves, W. A. B., Braylesford, Bon
riffi:
Griffin, T. : mon
Griffiths, Frederick C., Ma acqua uarie-street.
Griffiths, G. Neville, The Domain , Sydney
Gurney, T. T., M.A. Canéab., late Fellow ye St. aoe: College Cambridge, Professor of Mathematics and Nat al Phi. losophy, aiaebiing of Sydney.
Haege, Hermann, 127, Pitt-street. Hale, Thomas, -street. Hall, aeons aT, care of W. H. Quodling, Hsq., Public Works
Halligan, Gerald H., C.E., Marrickville. y, J., Hunter-street.
Harcus, Lorimer E., Sydney Morning Herald Office Hargrave, Lawren ~~ 94, Upper William-strect. Harris, John, Ultim
{Harrison, Mac
Hart, Ludovico, Farce Faheis. aviland, E, Rats 1, 15 ee
y, The Hon. Sir Jon, KOMG., MLO, AN, Aerio F the lative Co il, Rose lahra- Heaton, J. H., Zown ant Dou ni Office, Pitt- rac
Helms, "Albert, Ph. D., 8 Mniv versity.
Helsham. » Douglass, Heaton, Homebush.
enry, James, 754
reet, Herborn, B. W. L., care of Mr. Burnell, Clapton, Forberstret
1879
xxxix
Herborn, Eugene, care of Mr. Burnell, Clapton, Forbes-street. Hern, Charles E., “‘ Ellora,” — street, Woollahra, Heron, Henry, solicitor, 49, -stre Hewett, Thomas Edward, The Observatory, Sydney. Higgin ns, R. G., Clifford, Potts’s Poi Hills, Robert, Elizabeth B ay Jno. James, J.P., L.R.C.P.E., L.F.P., and §.G.L.M., = oe Ng pee le. Hitehins Raw d. Lytton, st otie Ab stapes See sein mn, Lawrence, Exchange Buildings, Pitt-s
Hie, Gea ae -_ George-stree et. odgson, M.A. Owon., 8.C.L., Vice-Warden of St. Paul’s Galles, ‘onion
Hodgson, Wilfred, , 67, ccs
ae — Hon. ag eet M.L.C., Sutherland House, George’s
Holroyd, <= Todd, M.B. Cantad., M.D. Edin., F.LS., ZS., —— GS., "biases: Scie. Sherwood Scrubs,
Parra
Horton, mas, Ina Terrace, Woollahra.
Houten A pilrmengs B aa = C. sa 128, Phillip-street.
Hume, pee
tHunt, Robert, F ay ‘of the Royal School of a, London, ae “Tat of the Royal Mint, Sydney. :
Inglis, James, 7 cg gre Chambers. Innes, Sir J. George L., Knt., Darlinghurst. Iredale, Lancelot, AF, Goolhi, Gunnedah.
Jac _— a Levett, Bree rge dere Office. Jackson, Henry Willan, M.R.C.S. Eng., Lic. R. C. re Edin.,
treet Nort: ASS Jarvie, Rey. A. Milne, Uniy. Dean Edin., 13, Lower Fort- _
Jefferis, Rev. James, LL.B., “ The Retreat,’ Je — Richard Lewis , MBCS., — omens Douglass
chan James W., “ Brooksby,” Double Bay. ve Jones, James A Aberdeen, Lic. B.C. Phys. Buin., Vooth-sirost, ce
ain. Jones, Richard Theophilus, M.D. Sydn., L.R.C.P. Edin., Ashfield.
Jones, James, : Jones, Griffith Eyan eels BeAey Syd, 382, Crown-street, Surry Hills.
1876
1874 1876—
1880 1859
1874 1872
ri
Fi
P5
P 21
xl
Jones, John Trevor, 356, ae ani Josephson, J: — Frey, F.G.S8., District Court J udge, Enmore , Newto
Josephson, a Mem. Inst. C.E., 235, Macquarie-street Foubert: Numa, Hunter’s Hill.
ee Thos. Wm., Harbours and Rivers Department, Phillip- reet.
Kee oe" ohn, Broughton, Leichhar Tae: Rey. Thomas, St. Mark’s eg Peas Darling Poi | Kennedy, Hugh, B.A. Oxon. Registrar of the Sydney Unive |
§1' Fr King, Philip G., hie Double Bay
John, M.A. , 21 Age = Court, “Hlizabeth- street.
Kansas Saml. J., M. D., Knib a H., Mem. le tre Saredjohs, Surveyor General's
Ofte Knox, Gaara M.A., Cantab., ee -stree Knox, Edward, The Hon. -. M.L.C., Fcoaisll satel: Knox, Edw ard. WwW, * a! Double Bay. Kopsch, G., Telegraph De K retschmann, Jo — care 0 2 Mr, Moss, Hunter-street. Kyngdon, F. B., 1, Darlinghurst Roa 4 Kyngdon, Fred. ‘EL. M.D. D, beeen TeA. L.; MBCS., £5 C.M., Aberdeen, North Shore
yangiey; WwW. ee Herald Office, Sydney. Latta, G. J., Hawthorn e, Crystal-street, Petersham. Laure , Loui 08., M.D. Surg. Univ. Paris, 138, Castlereagh-
eet. 2 Leask, eg L., M.B.O.M. Edin., “Terra Bella,” Pyrmont — teins, Ai Adolph, Ph.D., , Heide} berg, M.A., F.C.S.; Fel. Inst
of Gt. Brit. and Irl.; Senior Asenyer to the Sydney — _Bamch oa the Royal Mint, Hon Secretary,
tetas Oeretians.- +Cinerge, tel bald, ‘Aasoo. Roy. Sch. Mines, Lond. ; Inst. Chases of Gt. Brit. and In. ; G.S G.S.; Mem. Phy. London ;
* - 1
Soc. Gt. Brit. and Irel.; Cor. Mem. Roy. Soc. Tas. 5 Mem. Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt ; el d’Acclimat. Mauritius ; — Fel. Roy. Hist Mem. Min. Soc. Fran
Pro Mineralogy i in the Hatnuaite of Sydney, Hon. —, The University, Glebe.
Pil
Mannin Manning, James, Milson’s Point, North = pe +Mannin
ladesvill
xli
Tse Jolin, Marsaloo, North Sho d, George Alfred, F.R.G. * . “Seottforth Elizabeth Bay. Lloyd, Lancelot T., Kellett-st Loft ae: His Excel lency The ‘Right Hon. Lord Augustus, G.C.B., By a oe on, Presid Lord, The Hon: Francis, M.L CO, North Shore. Lord, George yr ‘Kirketon, Darlinghurst. Low, Hamilton, H.M. Cus Low, Andrew S., Merr las - 1 Cee Lowe, Edwin, Wilgar. Sewne ang pres Dubbo.
M‘Culloch, A. H., jun., 121, Pitt-street. M‘Cutcheon, Joh ws a er, Assayer to the Sydney Branch of the
0 Mint. MacDonald, Ebenezer, Oriental cee hae MacDonnell, William, 312 aay ose ten J.; FR. 48, Bon Bank of New South Wales, George
MacDon: emeil, Saninel, 312, George-street, Sydney. M‘Kay, Dr., Chu h Hill.
M‘Kinney, 7, Hugh G., Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., “ Seaton,” Point Piper Road , Paddin ngton.
MacLaurin , Henry Norman, M.A., M.D. Univ. Edin., Lic, R. _ Coll. Sur. Edin., Fo 5, Macquarie- street.
tMacPherson, Rey. Peter, MM ‘dng 187, Albion-street, Sydn: Mackenzie, John, F as. Examiner of Coal F: Fields, Nowruiila: Mackenzie, W. F., MRC. 8., Eng., Lyons’ Terrace
Mackenzie, P. F., “ Friendville,” aa
M ellar, Cl as. Kinard, B., C. a anarohe ean, Pe H. ey RaoS » 26, C.M., G nr: Duncan oo junior, way atm Stanmore oe M: ma. Manfred, ‘Bdmund C., coe curhagrees. Goulburn. Mann, John, Neutral B Bay Mann, Herbert W.., care * Liverpool & London & Globe Insurance Co., Pitt-stree g, Sir W. M., Walleroy, Edgecliffe Road, Woollahra,
= 5
Marklove, Robert J., Macquarie Pl. Marano, G. V., M.D. Univ. Naples, Cloreridion artis, iiicesbetk-
The Right Rev. Dr., Bishop of Bathurst, Bathurst. Merch J J. M., Edgecliff Road, Woollahra. : Mars , George, M.D. Univ. Glas. Lic. R. Coll. 8. Edin.,
~s
xiii
Mathews, R. H., Singlet
Matthews, Rob: ert, Tmut-stret Adelong. Meslée, E. Marin de la, Surveyor General’s Office. Metcalfe, Michael, 9, Bridge- asians
Milford, F., M.D.
Terrace , Hyde Millard, Rev. “Henry Shaw, Newcastle Grammar School. $ —
L. ia lie eay-st Muntéiore, Octavius i. Belgian etecn, Gresham-street +Moore, Charles, — g., Director of the Botanic Gardens, Botani
Moore, Fred. H., hikians Buildings.
Morehead, R. A. cs 30, O’Connell-street,
Morgan, Allan Bra radley, M.R.C.8. Eng., Lic. Mid. Lic. R. Coll. Phys. Edin., Ashenhurst, Burwood.
Morgan, T. C., LBS. Edin, MLK. & Q. Coll. Phys. Ireland, 55, Castlereagh-stree
Morrell, G. A., C.E., Pitt-stre
dney.
Moses, David, “ Aurovida,” Forest Lodge Mountain, Adrian O.; oe ae arveyor, Town Hall. TMullens, Josiah, F. R.G. , 34, Hun
Mullins, coe FL., MADD 211, Seadiotestrest
urnin, M. E., Eis enfels, ‘Nattai. Murray, W.G. aes Pitt Myles, Chas. H Wrymela, Burwood:
Neill, William, City Bank, Pitt-street
Newton, aici, edi id care of C. Newton, Bros. & Co., Pitt-s Newton, Dr. J. L., Mudgee.
Norton, "James, Hon. +» M. LL; solicitor, Spring-sti
oollahra. Nowlan, John, Union Club and West Maitland.
Nott, Thomas, M.D. Aberdeen, M.R.C.S. Eng., “Oseanatee
te
_tiside lberg, MRCS. Eng., 3, Clarendon
Morris, William, F.F PS: Glas. = F.R.MS.L.,5, Carlton Terrace, y
Neill, W. J. Walter, London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, Bt | Neil A. L. P., Gity Bank, Pitt ; Newman, W., of Messrs. Daw. cs & Co., cong
1876
1876 1878 1876
xiii
Oakes, Arthur wW., IB,, , L.RC.P., L.B.CS., Eiin., Sete * Ocean- street, We olla ra.
O’Connor, Dr. Maurice, 223, "Victoria-stre
Dama Richd. Edwd. ,M. A Wentworth Court, Elizabeth-
street. Ogilvy, James “ a Many Bank, Sydney. Olley, jai. Jac O'Reilly, W. W. es MD, M.C., Q. Univ. Zrel., M.R.C.8., Eng., Liverpool- -street.
Paling, W. H., “‘ Wonden,” uae -street, Petersham. Palmer, J. H., ’ Legis slative Assem
‘ 1tt-street. Paterson, Alexander, M.D., M.A., “ Hillcrest,” Stanmore Road.
, Wynyard Square. Perkins, Henry A., es mb, are es Balmai Philip, Alexr., LK. a d Q.C.P., -y LBC. S., Trel. lohan H ve islneuhend:
Phillip, H., Pacific Insurance Company, 85, Pitt-street: eee Thomas, M.D. Aberdeen, Ch. M., M.R.C.S. Eng., 40,
College-street. Pian Edwd. ot = S., ps rinse of Mines. Poate, Frederic, Summ
Pockley, i “E. G., Commercial Bank, Singleton. Poolman, F., Colonial Sugar Refinin ning Co., O’Connell-street. Poolman, Fredk., jun., “ Esher, ee -street, Woo! Potts, J. H., ‘Want-street, Burwi
Prince, Henry, George-
Quaife, Ponty Harrison, =: Mast. Surg. Univ. Gias., Ht en, Queen-stree oollahra.
Quirk, Rey. ane JA. (OSD ,LLD, Syd., St. Joseph’s, Newtown.
Quirk, Rey. D. Placid, M A. Syd., ‘Post Office, Cook’s River.
Ouodiing We. * Conranga, Burwood.
P3
xliv 4
t{Ramsay, Edward, F.L.S., Curator of the Australian Musenill College-street. tRatte, F., G.P.O., Sydney. Read, Reginald Bligh, M.RB.CS., Eng. » Coogee. Reading, E., Mem. Odon sin Lond Castiereagh-street. Reece, J. D., urveyor Geo ce. Reid, William, Australian Joint —— ne Sydney. Rennie, Edwd. H., M.A., B.S8c., L Re nie ma . The Hon MD: ee B.A. Sydn., F.R.OS. ,M.L. 295, Elizabeth-street. Riddell, C. a Union Club. rts, J., eorge-street. Roberts, Alfre d, ae = = Eng., Hon. Mem. Zool. and Bot. Soe.
Roberts, C. J., “ Chasen oe eg s Point. Steahe William, Australian Clu son, Thomas, aa ahliog: 91, oe sEabaton, Christopher, C.M.G., Au eae: ome Costernghe street, Vice-President.
Hance Carl, M.D., 52, College-street. Ross, J. G rafton, O’Connell-st : Roth, Hi enry Ling, FS 8. S., EM M. S, Foulden Estate, i
-, Mudgee. i ueell leas B.A. Syd., F.R.AS., F.M.S., Hon. Mem 8. A = Government Astronomes, Sydney Observatory.
ees senate L., German Consul, Consulate of the German se Wyny ard Square
E. M., Glebe. Sanita Sons e Hon, Saul, C. M. G., M.L.C., Sapo pe Sandy, Jam = Rothgael,’ * Croydo
n Road, field. — Rudolf, M.D., Univ. Gottingen, Te sox Apoth. Lond
0, College-stree ices, Rev, oe Cantab., Hon. Mem. Roy. Soc. Vies un; Scrivener Charis Robert, Berlin Cottage, Fotheringham- -strees Stan:
Sedgwick, Wen. oP ae M.R.CS., Eng., Newtown. Selfe, Norman, C.E., M.I.C.E., Rockleigh, Balmain. Clifton eed Yass.
ay ne nner, J. 0. Gra School, S: Slade, G. P., solicitor, Bridge-street.
P6
Pl
Pi
ro
10
xly
encroie Thomas, Premier Terrace, 169, William-street, Wool- loomooloo. Sloper, Fredk, Evans, 360, Liverpool-str edley, John, “ Arlula,” 139, — ricer hile amie ‘Smith, John, — Hon ihe tor. L. pee C8. "aod bie Ny Peta of Physic the Vaiverity of dees 193, Macquarie- sixtk, dent. Smith, “Muetali ier ee pores! bic: Australia. Smith, Robt., M.A. Syd., solicito Smith, John Garin itunter h, R. 8., Surveyor Gene "3 Off Smith oes E, Fevereaux, mee soit Upper William-street,
Smyth, FL. S., M.A., F.R.G.S., Wentworth Court, Elizabeth- street. ony y, James Monsell, Union Club. Starkey, John Thos., ‘Castereagh-strect Ste om —— Milner, B.A., ~ —— Mem. Geol. Soc. of Ger- ; . Mem ts . Soe ries tor i F.R.G.S. of al; ve Alma ville,” Byron Bridge R Steph het, "Repticnnds South K Stephen, Alfred F. H., Epecaet Bridge e Road. Stephens, ee J ohn, M.A. Ozon., 233, oe Road. Stopps, Arthur J., Surveyor Geniets Offi Street, J oar, Rendell, Birtley, Elizabeth Bay : end. Strong, Wm. Edm und, M.D., Aberdeen, Mt R.C.8., Eng., Liver-
jak: Stuart, Alexander, M.L.A., Sydney. Stuart, Clarendon, Upper Willian Street ae ri Suttor, Wm. Henry, M.L.A., Cangoura, Bath
Tarrant, Harman, M.R.C.S., Elizabeth-strec
Taylor, Chas., M.D. Syd., M.R.C.S Eng., Parramatta Taylor, Chas. Lamb, iM. B.C. 8., 14, ‘College-st
Tayler, William m George, F.R.C aie — nd., 219, itt street. Tebbutt, John, F.R.A.S., Obse: indsor.
mpson laide, S.A Thompson, Jose oseph, Bellevue Hill, Double Bay. Thompson, Thos. Janes, Pitt-street, Sydney. Theacet H. Arding, Narellan. Thomas, F. ode: River N.S.N. Co., Market-st Tibbits, Walter Hugh, M.R.C.S. Eng., “ Carlisle, “ TP canhiaa: T “ Moira,” Burwood.
~soionat ee P. C., George and Marga:
routon, F. H., A.S.N. creeped. 8 lace rey {Tucker G.A., Ph. D., Superintendent, Ba; iew Asylum, Cook’s
| Tucker, William, Clifton, North Shore.
house, E. B., Mount Gilead,
xlyi aren 1875 Tulloh, W. H., “Airlee,” Greenwich Point Road, North Shores 1875 Turner, G., 3 Fitaroy Terrace, Pitt-street, Redfern 1876 Voss, Houlton H., J.P., Goulburn. 1879 Walker, H. O., Australian General Assurance Co., 129, Pitt- street. a 1867 Watker, Philip B., Telegraph Office, George-street. 1870 Wallis, ‘William, Moncur Lodge, Potts’s Poin 1867 Ward, R. D., M.R.C.S. Hng., North Shore. 1877 hatecsen, William Edward, MD., M.B.C.8., 281, Elizabeth i t, Sydney. 1876 Watkin ass Leo, B.A. Cantab., M.A. Syd., 121, Elizabeth- 1876 Waterhouse, Pie . Syd., “ Waima,” Cavendish-street, Stan: oe 1876 Wasson, ¢ C. Rune ll, M.R.C.S., Eng., os Newtown. 1877 Watt, Alfred Joseph, Hastings, Moore Park Road. 1859 Watt, Char Charles, Government ry ey Now r Bistrot 1876 Waugh, Isaac, M. = M.C., ., Parram 1876 Webster, A. S., on ee Weigall, a ; Bytes, a, B.A. Oxon., M.A. Syd., Head Mater of the y Grammar School, Colleges street. 1878 Ween oe é, solicitor, Pitt-stree 1877 Weston, W. J., Union Club. A 1879 {Whitfeld, Lewis, B.A. (Sydney Univ.), Grammar School. 1874 , Rev. James 8., M.A., LL.D., Syd. Go wrie, Singleton. 1875 White, Hon. James, M.L.C., ic Cranbrook, » Double Bay. 1877 White, Rev. W. Moor ©) AM LL.D. T.C.D., 1, Tawsening Te ] i Specie 1879 Wilshire, F. R., P.M., Bervina 1879 Wilson, F. A. A., M ee yack 1876 Windeyer, W. C., His Honor Judge, M.A., Syd., King-street- 1876 ise, oe Foster, Immigration Office, ‘Hyde Park. ae 1874 | P1 Wilkinson, ©, 8., F.G.S., Government Geologist, Department n, HE oller, De ent of Mines. 1878 Wilkinson, Rey. 5, Argyle Terrace, Pitt-street, Redfera- 1878 Wilkinson, Robt. Bliss, 12, Spe street. e, PB. : 1876 .William: s, Percy Ed Treasury. ng 1878 Wise, Henry, Savings Bank, Barrack-stree 1873 |_| Wood, Harrie, Under Secretary for Mine, Departanent of sina 1879 Woodt ilead, Campbell:
1879
M
Pl
Pi
Is
xlvii
Woods, T. A. Tenison, Phillip-street, be Woo. oolrye h, F. B. W., Wilson-street, Newto
egy ee Horatio a. "A, MRCS. Eng, Wynyard Square, Hon. Wright, Sei. “Bawin H., &t. Stephen’ 8, Bourke.
oe y, W. H., “ Stella "House ” Penzance, pag 2 od, W. H. O'M., Sinan General’s Oifice
Young, John, Town Hall, George-street.
Honorary MemMeBenrs. Limited to Twenty. M, recipients of the Clarke Medal. Agnew, Dr., Hon. Secretary, Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart
own.
Barlee, His Excellency F. P., C.M.G., Governor of Honduras.
Bentham, George, F.R.S. VPLS. C.M.G., The Royal Gardens, Kew.
Bernays, Lewis A., F.L.8., F.R.G.S., Cockle, His Honor Sir Ji ames, late Chief. 7 tae ‘of Queensland, -A., F.R.S., Ealing, London. — Dr. Charles, EBS, MA. ¥.GS.,, NDS, 4c, ac, eckenham , Ken De ary Prof., Mt. D., Liége, Belgium. Ell Robert F E.R S., F.B.A.S., Government Astronomer of
ery, Victoria, Melbourne Greaney Abgastas Charles, C.M.G., F.R.G.S., Geological Sur- Brisban Haast Dr. Ju Julius yon, Ph. D., F.RS., F.G.S., Professor of
Geolo Onnterbu College, and Director of the Canterbury iiseam, sary h, New Zealand.
useum,
Hector, Tames, C. i G., M.D., EF. RS. 105 of the Colonial Mus and G - I Survey of New Zea ; We
Hooker, Sic Sosepit. Dalton , K.8.1, aL os, F.BS., &e.,
he Ro Huxley, Profs, P.RBS., LLD., F.G. a, FZS., F.LS., &., Professor of Natural His tory in the Royal Sch School of ines, South - Kensington,
London. MCoy, Brederi ick, F.RS., F.GS8., Hon. F.C.PS., — r of Nat Science in the Melbourne University, Government Palwontologist, sai Direct of the National um, Melbourn Masiie:. Baron Padeaad + ies crager ge bate M.D., Ph.D., FERS, urne.
eee
xlviii
Elected. 1878 Walker, ie Sc: Coneo 1875 Waterho F. G., F.G.8., C.M.Z, a3, Curator of the Museum, Adelaide, South Austra ie 1875 | P9| Woods, Rev. Julian E. Tenison- E.GS., F.LS., a | ges a
Soe bch oria, Hon, M . Roy. Soc., Tasman Adelaide Phil. asi Hon. Mem. New ea pera Hon. Mem. Linnean Soc., N.8.W., &c., Union Club, Sydney.
Corresponpina Mrempers. Limited to Twenty-five. 1880 | P1| Clarke, Hyde, V.P. Etbnological Institution, London 1879 | P2| Eth eridge , Robert, Aes , E.GS., &e., oe British Museum. 1880 Miller, F. F. B., F.C » Melbourne Min 1880 Ward, ie ‘Elvan "K.C.M. G., GeeGanat R.E., Cannes, Fra
Oxitvary, 1881.
1876 M‘Carthy, W. F. 1861 Paterson, Hugh.
AWARDS or tax CLARKE MEDAL. Established in memory of THE tate Revp. W. B. CLARKE, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., Vice-President from 1866 to 1878. :
ded from time to time for ewes contributions to the Geology, Mineralogy, 0 or Natural History ustralia, to men of science; whether resident in Australia or Se 4 1878. Professor Richard Owen, O.B., F.R.S., The British Museum. a 1879. Mr. George Bentham, C.M.G., F.R.S., The Royal Gardens, Kew. 1880. Professor Huxley, F.R.S., The Royal School of Mines, London. 1831. Professor F. M‘Coy, F.R.S., F.G.S., The University of Melbourne.
1882. a Shem Dwight D LL.D., Haven, ; poses oath — = er Yale College, New :
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
By the Hon. Proressor Smitu, C.M.G., &ke., &e., President.
[Delivered to the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, 4 May, 1881.]
GENTLEMEN,
At this the close of my Presidential year—the first year, I may remind you, in which the Chair has been occupied by an elected President—it becomes my duty to go through the form of an Annual Address, before proceeding to the more pleasing ceremony of laying down office and introducing my successor. It is a wise provision in our by-laws that the President can hold office for only one year ; but in spite of that, I fear that this annual address will tend to become more and more irksome, and may on some occasions stand in the way of desirable members taking office,— members who may not have much leisure nor much fluency, and who might look upon the task of composing an address as more than counterbalancing the honor of the position, and the gratify- ing sense of enjoying the confidence of their fellow-members. I now throw out the suggestion for the benefit of my successors, that while the Society is comparatively young, and its forms and routine yet in the plastic condition, it might be well to accept as an annual address a mere statement of the condition of the Society and its work of the preceding year. Occasionally, no doubt, the President might be glad to embrace the opportunity of stating his views on some questions of general interest, not perhaps well suited for a paper of the usual character at a
‘Monthly meeting, and not intended for discussion ; and in such a
case as that, when the President has really sdmething to say,
Me members will doubtless be pleased to listen, but in ordinary
2 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
cases I believe the members would be glad to let the President off J with a brief formal statement of the character indicated. I am a unwilling however to be the first to break in abruptly upon an ~ established custom, and in looking about for some appropriate 4 subject on which to found an address, it has occurred to me that — now we have completed a quarter of a century of continuous and — active existence, a brief review of the work accomplished might — not be uninteresting—the more so as the Royal Society is occasionally twitted with indolence, and even the members them- — ‘selves probably do not realise that on a fair view of the case, and — making due allowance for unfavourable circumstances, the Society q has been the means of giving publicity to a large amount of — intellectual effort, and of persevering and laborious scientific s research. 4
REVIEW oF past History or THE SocreTy. 4 - [have said that we have had a continuous active life of five- and-twenty years; that estimate includes of course the Philo- sophical Society that preceded us ; but as there was a mere change
existence of sixty years, for undoubtedly the first beginning of ‘this scientific organisation is to be traced back to 1821, when the Philosophical Society of Australasia was constituted, with ten ‘members, under the presidency of Sir Thomas Brisbane. that original Society did not long survive. It is mentioned “among the Institutions of Sydney in the Australasian Almanac’ 1825, and not afterwards. The only record known of papers before it is in the Geographical Memoirs of New South W: by Mr. Justice Field, published in 1825. In that volume fo ‘papers are reprinted in full, the titles of which are given in Tnaugural Address of the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1867. Be the reading of papers, that Society engaged in another pub act which has better served to perpetuate its name. In 1 1822, it caused a tablet to be affixed to the rocks on the
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, 2 3
Head of Botany Bay, to commemorate the landing of Captain Cook. The inscription is given in the Gazette of 22 March, 1822, as follows :— ’ A.D. MDCCLXX. UNDER THE AUSPICES or BRITISH ScrENCE, THESE SHORES WERE DISCOVERED : BY JAMES COOK AND JOSEPH BANKS, THe CoLumBus AND McCENAS OF THEIR TIME, THIS SPOT ONCE SAW THEM ARDENT IN THE PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE; Now, TO THEIR MEMORY THIS TABLET IS INSCRIBED, IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE PurtosoruicaL Socrery or AUSTRALASIA, Siz Tuomas BrIsBAne, SOK, £2 SL. ae S (CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE), PRESIDENT. A.D, MDCCCXXI. :
In Mr. Clarke’s inaugural address in 1867, particulars are given | of the resuscitation in 1850 of the old Society, under the name of - the Australian Philosophical Society ; but there must have been an attempted revival at an earlier date, for in the New South Wales Calendar, of 1832, I find mention made of an “ Australian : Society” for promoting colonial products and manufactures, under the presidency of Mr. Samuel Terry. I cannot, however, find any other reference to it. The 1850 Society began under favour-_ able auspices, and with influential leaders; but the gold fever of - 1851-2 seems to have sapped its vitality, and for two or three years nothing is heard of it, until in July, 1855, it met once more and resolved to make a fresh start, under the name of the Philosophical Society of New South Wales. It seems that twenty-
_ two Members passed over from the old Society to the new, and ___ they brought with them £88 to start the funds of the new
”
4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
Association. Under the active presidency of the Governor-
General, Sir W. T. Denison, the Philosophical Society speedily attained a considerable amount of popularity. It held its first meeting in the School of Arts, on 9th May, 1856, and at the next meeting ninety-one new Members were elected. About forty more were added during the remainder of the year; and fourteen — papers were read, two being by the President. The place of meeting was speedily changed to the hall of the Australian Library, now the Free Public Library, where it remained, with occasional migrations to the Exchange, till the formation of the Royal Society, which also continued its meetings at the Library till 1869, when it moved to the Exchange, and continued there till May, 1875, when it occupied the present building, first as tenant of the Academy of Art, and finally as proprietor in 1878.
The early prosperity of the Philosophical Society yielded after a few years to the usual reaction that we are only too familiar with in all new organisations attempted in Sydney. Perhaps. also it suffered from the partial withdrawal of vice-regal patronage, if that, however, was not rather an effect than a cause of waning popularity. Sir W. Denison was not only largely instrumental in 2 starting the Society, but he continued during his term of office to — attend the meetings and to take a lively interest in the proceedings. _
| On his leaving the Colony at the close of 1860, the Society q
presented him with an address, in which the following words occur:— We desire to express our warm acknowledgments for the a services you have rendered to the Society, and to the cause of science 9 generally. * * * * ‘To your successful exertions at an early — period after your arriyal in the Colony we are indebted for the — reorganisation of the Society on a satisfactory basis, &c.” His 4 successor, Sir John Young, afterwards Lord Lisgar, frequently presided over the monthly meetings, but as the attendance E dwindled away he came to the conclusion that his presence was —
“not beneficial. In his remarks at the close of the Rev. Mr. q
Clarke’s inaugural address to the Royal Society, in July, 1867, 4 ne is reported to have spoken as follows :—‘‘His Excellency —
“ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 5
expressed his sincere hope that the Society would be more successful under its new name than it had been under its former designation. He had regularly attended the monthly meetings of the Society for some time after his arrival in the Colony. He observed, however, as time went on that the attendance became ‘small by degrees and beautifully less,’ until on one occasion that he had come there to preside, he found himself the only person present to hear a paper which some gentleman was there to read. He believed that Professor Smith was sent for, and formed with him the sole audience. After that he had rather held back, being under the impression that vice-regal patronage was not quite so beneficial to the Society as could be wished.”
Sir John Young was succeeded in the presidency by the Earl of Belmore, who took the Chair two or three times at monthly meetings, and since then we have not been favoured with the vice-regal countenance.
T have stated that in the first year of the Philosophical Society about 130 new members were admitted. In the second year there were only thirty-nine; while in the third the number dwindled down to seven. After that there i t for twoyears, but in 1861 the number again dropped to aie: and in 1863 only one new member joined. In each of the following years nine joined, and lastly in 1866 (the transitional year) only one.
Not only did new members fail to come in, but the old dropped steadily off, as shown by the decreasing amounts paid as annual Subscriptions. In the first year the income of the Society was £316, in addition to the £88 brought over from the old Society. In the second year the income was £205; in the third, £106 ; after which it kept higher for a few years, till in 1863 it dropped to £88, and in the last year of the Society (1866) it reached its lowest depth at £43, If the expenditure of the early years had not been very moderate, so that a surplus was preserved for bad times, the Society must have died of inanition. Indeed, it fre- quently became a question whether it was worth while continuing
a ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
what seemed a hopeless struggle; and it was sometimes suggested that the Society should be deel ed, and the remaining assets used up in a picnic or a dinner. 2
For several years the expenditure, although rigorously kept — down, was considerably over the income, and the Society lived on its early savings. ‘In such a state of the finances, it was of course impossible to undertake the publication of the Transactions. In the first years the Society was entirely dependent on the news- papers for giving publicity to its proceedings ; but these were frequently of too abstruse a character for such a mode of publica- tion. Afterwards, when Mr. James Waugh started the Magazine of Science and Art, the papers of the Society were regularly pub- lished in it ; but that magazine lasted only a few years, and then the Society published one volume of Transactions, containing a selection of papers read from 1862 to 1865. A complete list of the papers read before the Philosophical Society has never hitherto been made public, and I have thought it worth while to make _ such a list from the minutes and put it here on record. It will — be seen that, in spite of failing membership and income, a large | amount of useful scientific work was accomplished.
PuiLosopHicaL Socrery Papers. 1856. May 9, PES rat ene of the Railway System in England, with ns as toits BS gar cation to the Colony of N. 8. Wales.” gr Hi Hecalny — “oe Governor-General. on ‘* ™m
= jk Mie ~~ ommunication with England.” 2 July 11. “Means of lways, financial tee tf ; G. Pennington. “Application of certain’ principles a Se as Economy to the question of Railw se” Professor 3 August 13° “On the action of Sydne Water upon Lead.” Professor — Smith, On the Iron making resources of N.S, Wales”
Sept. 10. “Bloctsie 3 Tele d London not im casibl, “oe A niware between Sy:
of Statistics.” C. Rolleston. « ce Wood.” a ee On ae Gakk Pi ‘ag
June 10,
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. . 7:
1857. **On Pavements.” Lieut. Vigors. ‘‘On the Sanitary con-
dition of Sydney.” es “On the Moon’s Rotation.” Sir W.T. Denison. “Ona ae auge.” W. 8S. Jevons. ‘‘ On Sanitary Reform.” De an . “On Railways.” Sir W. T. Deni ‘On Railways, — wntbiaine hiefly to the motive Dawes ” ¥F..S. Pepper- st ‘On the Be Sc a process of Phot togra; . Haes. “On ison-appar. of Venomous Boies. Alfred a **On the “Meteorology of N. S. Wales.” Rev. W.
On the use and abuse of Tobacco.” Dr. gh
ec. 9. es On the Wossaatien of Clouds.” Ww. 8. Jev
May 12. June 9. July 14,
Aug. 11.
June 8.
July 13.
Aug. 10,
==
ct. 19, Nor. a,
1858.
**On the strength and elasticity of Woods of N. S. Wales and New Zealand.” Captain Ward, R.E. ** Abridgment of a book of Sa ms relating to the history and practice of _— ation.” we ‘On the Poison-appar. of Seas us Snakes, with a gousiotice of some of Bias po found in in hie Colony.” Alfred
) **On the Meteorology of N. 8. oar ” Rev. Wm. Scott. ‘* On the Clunes — Victoria.” H. A. Thompson. «Gold Deposits of Victor H. A. Thompson. “‘ Outline of aplan
for the formati aon working ee a Mining Company to open out the ‘Quartrfil ds of N. = , Wales. a A. Thompson. ** On the Mortality of Sydne C. Rollest
“On the resent state of the ‘tip ly of the Ores of Mercury.” Rev. W. B. Clarke. “On the filtration of Water through Sand.” Sir W. T. Denison.
“On the Construction of Dams.” Professor Pell. ‘On
R. Drury.
-Carrency and Banking in N. S. Wales.” een
**On the Plurality of Worlds.” Rev. Ww. “On the Progress of Photography.” James amc 1859.
**On the construction of Specula for pele a: Severn. ‘On Atmotic Navi Dr. Bland.
. A. ‘«On the means of —> utilizing the Sewage of Ti ‘owns.’ ;
C. Rollesto ‘On a new mode of u using ; he, in anscitings microscopic objects.” Alfred
Heberte 0 f the Southern Hi h Rev On the Observatories of the Southern Hemisphere.” v. W. Scott. ‘* Anal: f cert Coals,” Captain
certain Colonial “On the Adulteration of Milk in Sydney.” M
of Microscopical Com : — Telegraphic Comnanication with eg F. Gis-
"On the Sydney Obs rvatory.”
Rev. W. “On Joost Si aimee of Gold from Mundie oe” Pro-
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
1860. June 20. ‘‘On the Sydney Observatory.” Rev. tt July 18. ee eo eferri rien. to the destracta on of the dam at ae = hag riarty. ‘‘On the detection of spurious a, : i Aug. 15. i On the Quartz Reefs of Upper Adelong.” Prof. Smith. Sept. 19. On Badge uilding.” Sir W. T. ee ison. ‘On a Dial to prevent collisions at Sea.” C. J. P Oct. 17. On compass-deviation in Iron ships Rev. W. Scott. Ozone.” Mr. Proschel. Nov. 21. ‘‘On the Mundic Quartz of Adelong.” Dr. Leibius.
1861. June 19. ‘On the Census of 1861.” C. Ro lle esto’ July 17. ‘*On the Sydney Observatory, &c.” Rev. W. Sco
Aug. 14. ‘‘On a new species of Foraminiferous Shell rae Ovalau, 1,” Alfred Roberts. ‘‘On the im td omg gation of the Hunter River.” E. O. Moriarty. Sept. 11. ‘A brief notice of a few of the little rf serub timbers f lony.” rles Moore a new mode of con- c timber dges,” os oore. ‘*O new
method of giving support to FB Bars.” Thos. Woore. Oct. 9. ‘* A short description of the new works now being carried out for the improvement of Wollongong Harbour.” E. 0.
ox SO Nov. 20. “On some recent Re oe discoveries in Australasia, and = correlation of the Australian formations with those of urope.” Rey. W. B. Clarke,
June ll. ‘‘On the Cave Temples of India.” Dr. in July 9. Be ep oe Researches, in four papers, comprising 1 rems and porisms and onihete solutions to pe tented y ‘problems.” so Gardiner. ‘‘On the Wambeyan aves.” Dr. J. Aug. 13. ‘‘On the daniratebee ofa systematic search for, and obser- vation of, variable Stars in the Southern Hemisphere.” a ebbutt. ‘On th of the ‘Dia
pe ce between Sydney and Brisbane.” Comm
aie § say iets re a Sept. patng the Vertebrated Animals of the Lower Murray and
son: La ae a and geographical distri-
eae
rard Oct. 8. "On ‘the Comet of Sept. , 1862.” John Tebbut Nov. 12. Second paper on the same subject, by John Tebbutt.
May 27. pp Pirme Snakes loniene in the heres of Sydney.” June 17, On Snake-bites and their Antidotes.’
complete solution of a celebrated scotia.” ” Martin Gar-
iner. Aug. as ** On th Lead 41.J] fe D.*1. Curve’ ves, As
Martin oe Sept. ae (tae Var ata sink tthe Lower Mucing” (second —
Riu. 1h oneaden Baca Prof
: ancien’ t Implements found near Abbeville.” | Prot, Smith. ‘‘ Description of a new Fish from the Hawkesbury- Gerard Krefft.
eh
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. — 9
1864.
Aug. 17. “On improved analytic Geometry.” M. Gardin On the probable reasons that led Fahrenheit to the me of
his pe , rof. Smith.
Sept. 7. eon Seems ee John terete ‘Remarks on the preceding paper.” Rev. W. B. Clar
Oct. 5. ‘‘On Fibre-bearing ‘Plants indigenous to the Colony.” Chas.
oore,
Nov. 2. ion Osmium and Iridium obtained from N. 8. Wales Gold.”
eibius.
Dec. 7. ‘On the prospects of the Civil Service of N. 8. Wales under the Superannuation Act of 1864.” Colonel Ward. ‘‘On the distribution of profits in Mutual Life Assurance Societies.” Professor Pell.
1865. May 10. ‘On the Transmutation of Rocks in Australasia.” Rev. W.
. Clarke. July 5. “On the Oology of Australia.” Ed, Rams Aug. 2. ‘‘On the theory of Encke’s Comet.” G. R. ce alley. a the Manners and Customs of the Natives of the Lower Murra and Darling. erard Kre Sept. 6. “On th he Def fences of Port Jackson.” G. A. Morell. poe geological A gmaer of the "Potrolatin Coal.” Wm. Keen Oct. 11. ‘On certain possible relations between Sere Changin and Ratna Observations.” a Nov. 8. “ — the — ogy and capabilities of the ‘Cape York Penin- z 7 Dr. ie Dec. 6. On the ‘coat re ate of Astronomical, Magnetical, and Me- teorological Science.” G. R. Smalley.
1866. July 4. ‘On the eeemiew of Lake George.” Ed. mons Aug. 1. ‘Preliminary remarks on the Magneti ae Ne 8: ide os Sik ge i "On the Dentition m of ”"Thylacoleo
rnifer.
Sept. 2 ~ pers on the sauypit of the Young of Marsupial Animals in the Pouch.”
Oct. 3. ‘On the po mia.” De J. C. Cox
Nov. 7. ea cerning a new species of Fagus.” Charles a *°On the Classification of the small Marsupial Insectivo
Gerard ard Kre fft. pe) Dee. ack = a the condition and resources of the Colony.” C. Rolles- ‘
In the eleven years of the Philosophical Society’s existence it held eighty-three meetings, at which 107 papers were read by forty-three members. The largest number (eight) was read by the Revd. W. Scott, who long held office in the Society. Mr. Krefft, at that time Curator of the Museum, read seven ; Sir William Denison and Mr. Rolleston, each read six ; I read five; Revd. W. B. Clarke, Mr. Smalley, Mr. Alfred Roberts, Mr. Moriarty, ee
121 he ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
Mr. Tebbutt, and Mr. Gardiner, each four ; six members read three each ; seven members two each ; and nineteen members one each.
Besides the reading of papers, other means were tried to keep up the interest of the members. A Microscopical Committee was formed, and held several meetings, some at Government House, with fair attendance, but it soon collapsed. Conversaziones were frequently held, at first on a modest scale, in the Australian Library, but soon expanding so as to require the Chamber of Commerce, which ultimately became overcrowded with the numerous objects of interest and with visitors. The Royal Society has carried on these gatherings with great success. This branch of our operations has indeed always been very popular. It furnishes the only opportunity we have as a Society of enjoying the presence of ladies, but at the same time it is increasingly troublesome and expensive. We were driven from the Chamber of Commerce to the Masonic Hall, and from that to the great Hall of the Univer- sity, and even there we were seriously cramped for room, the striking display of scientific and artistic objects requiring a great deal of space, and the visitors numbering over 800. Last year- the Council did not see their way to attempt a conversazione on an extended scale, but they invited the members to a similar gathering, although without ladies, in the Society’s rooms, and they have reason to believe that a pleasant evening was spent. It is hoped that during the present year, probably in September, we may have the pleasure of again meeting the members with the — of their families, at a conversazione of the former character, in some capacious and central building. |
But to return for a little to the old Philosophical Society. In 1865, when the income had dropped to £58, which was £30 less than the expenditure, the necessity for some change of organiza tion became apparent, if the Society was to be saved from total extinction. The Council, after discussing the matter, appointed @ sub-committee, consisting of Mr. Smalley and Mr. Bedford, to draw up a report for submission to the general body of members.
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. li
This report having been first agreed to by the Council, was brought up at the monthly meeting on 11th October, and there discussed and adopted. Its preamble states :—
“ Considering the languishing condition of this Society, we are of opinion that some effort should be made to restore its vitality and raise it to the important and useful position that it ought to occupy.” The report goes on to say that it is not easy to account for the decline of the Society, but that it may be partly owing to its name, which conveys the impression that the subjects discussed are of an abstruse and exclusive character. The Report recommends that the name should be changed to “ Royal Society,” and an outline is given of a proposed constitution.
A Committee was then appointed to draw up rules, and appli- cation was made to the Governor for sanction to the change of name, but the answer received was that the application must be forwarded to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. It was not till the last meeting of 1866 (December 12) that acopy of Lord Carnarvon’s despatch, dated 24th September, was laid before the Society. It contained these words—“Her Majesty has been graciously pleased* * *to sanction and approve of the Philosophical Society in future assuming the title of the Royal Society of New South Wales.” Thus the change was finally completed, and the name Philosophical, which had been considered inappropriate, was dropped. |
Prosperity however did not come witha rush to the new organi- sation. Still there was a decided improvement, for in 1867 the new accessions were twenty, and the income got up to about £80. If we compare this sum with the published list of members for 1867, which contains 108 names, we are obliged to infer that nearly half the members had not paid their subscriptions. In 1868 the new _ Members were thirty-seven ; in 1869 only fourteen ; in 1870 they Tose again to twenty-one, and the income was £112; but in the following year only five new members joined, and the income fell
: ____ to £80, while the expenditure was £111.
12 ae ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS,
The printing of the Transactions was a great burden in those 4 years, and the want of means prevented some of the papers being —
properly illustrated ; but in 1872 the Government liberally con- sented to have the annual volume brought out at the Government Printing Office, without cost to the Society, except in the matter of certain illustrations.
The tide of prosperity in the affairs of the Society which we still
enjoy first set in when we took possession of this building in 1875, — and appointed Professor Liversidge and Dr. Leibius to act as our 7 Secretaries. To the enlightened zeal and indefatigable labours of _ these gentlemen we owe much of our present position. In 1875 _ the income rose suddenly to £222, and in the following year to — £413, In that year (1876) amended By-laws were passed ; Sec- ~ tions were organized to represent such branches of scientific study — as were thought likely to bring members together for quiet con- ference and mutual aid ; and arrangements were completed for —
exchange of scientific publications with kindred Societies in dif- ferent parts of the world. Last year we sent out 1,013 copies of our Transactions and certain Colonial reports to 284 Institutions —
and representative pe in 116 diff
ized world ; and from 167 of these Institutions we received publi- a cations in return to the number of 7 49, some of them of great value. s In addition to these gifts we have been in regular receipt of a con- 4 siderable number of leading periodicals, and we have‘been buying — scientific works as our funds would permit ; so that our library is now fairly stocked with standard books and periodicals in science,
literature and art.
In 1877 we began to collect funds for the purchase of our present building, obtaining also the promise of the Government to grant £1 for every £2 subscribed. The Government at the : same time liberally agreed to augment at the same rate our ordinary _
subscriptions, to meet current expenses,
In 1878 the accounts show for the first time a Government 4 grant of £200, in addition to the ordinary subscriptions of £433. The special subscription for the building amounted to £1,000, which
i ie i it
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, 13
enabled us to claim £500 from Government. We then completed the purchase for £3,525, paying down £1,525, andborrowing £2,000 on mortgage. It is highly desirable that this debt should be paid off, and I trust the members will make an effort towards that end during the present year. _ Were that accomplished, there would be £120 additional for promoting the proper objects of the Society. It is the more necessary to get rid of this annual charge for interest, inasmuch as, without the Government subsidy which we now enjoy, it would be necessary to economise to such an extent as to endanger the efficiency of our operations. Now the Government subsidy is obviously of uncertain duration—it depends upon an annual yote of the Legislature ; and should bad times come, so as to diminish materially the public revenue, we must expect to be among the first to suffer from the inevitable cutting down of expenditure.
There is still another reason why something should be done this year to add to the building fund. Hitherto a vacant space has adjoined the Society’s house on the south side ; it is probable that this will now be built upon, and it may be expedient for the Society to buy a few feet of the frontage in order to preserve the light and ventilation of this hall in which we meet. But without additional subscriptions such a purchase could not be made. Might I venture to suggest that the old members who pay only one guinea per annum should for at least this year double their sub- scription to help us in reducing our debt.
To conclude now what I have to say on the financial progress of the Society, I will state the ordinary income and expenditure (omitting building fund) for each of the past six years, being the time that we have occupied the present building ; and to that I will add the number of ordinary members elected each year. I throw these statistics into tabular form :—
Income— , s Year. From Members. From Government. Expenditure. New Members.
1875 gee ‘ 41 1876 -. 413 a as me 389 ee 1877 v. 433 Bi ms | ee 70S 238 62 1878 iene SAG ae a Sia 581 eee 78 1879 ae |. eee Zr. wie we 51 1880... 605 — yi a 812 wb 38
ma ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
‘The falling off in new members last year may partly accounted for by the fact that the entrance fee and ann subscription had been doubled by a resolution adopted towards — the close of the previous year; but that this was not the only reason, or even the chief reason, is made probable when we com- pare 1879 with 1878, the falling off between these two years
as. the number on the roll is now about 460, this resolution may become operative before long. It is difficult, however, to state exactly the effective membership, as names are kept on the roll for one year after a subscription has been paid, unless it i definitely known that a member has retired. D
Work oF Last Year.
{In regard to the proper work of the Society during last year find that ten meetings were held (including two adjournment besides a special meeting to hear a lecture from Mr. Lant Carpenter on recent practical applications of Electricity America ; and a social meeting or Reception by the Council. Ne _fewer than twenty-eight papers were read by thirteen members, which our Hon. Sec., Professor Liversidge, contributed nine, a our Vice-President, Mr. Russell, contributed five. The year is re
research. The following is a list of the papers under their respect? dates :—
12 May. Annual Address, Charles Moore, Vice-President.
2 June. ‘On the Longitude of the Sydney Observatory.” Tebbutt. * e iti reuk Mageit des of Uran and Jupiter.” John T, **On the Acids of the Nati
rem a 7 July. “*Catalogue of Plants collected during Mr. Alex. £0; i : ia in . on Mueller. “The Orbit elements of Comet Tebbutt. ‘On Ringbarking and its effects. ’
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
4 Aug. ‘‘ Notes on a collection of Fossils from the Paleozoic Rocks of N. S. Wales.” R. Etheri ridge, jun. ‘On Geological
: e8, Victoria and Tasmania,” Dr, Feistmantel. ‘(A new method awe of Prin vom # crepes and other Curves.” H. C. Russell, a.
Vice-Pres.
1 Sept. ‘On Hot — from New Britain and Fiji.” Prof. : tivenddys pring Wa Composition of Cast Iron acted on by - sea-water.” Pro room Liv ge a ne |
able.” H, C. Russell, Vice-Preside o
6 Oct. ‘‘On the Composition of Coral-lim estone. ” Professor Liver- ee, sidge. ‘On the inorganic ——- ~ ~- Coals of N. 8S. re Wales.” W. A. Dixon. “A co son between the
ospect and poe Hill iiahan oO: Water Supply for vas Sydney.” F. B. Gipps. ; 3. Nov. ‘On some N. s° Wales Minerals.” Professor Liversidge. 3 “On Pituri f. Ou: Saltese “onl Native Fodder Plants.” W. A. Dixon. ‘On Wells on the Liverpool Plains.” T, K. Abbott. 1 Dec. ‘*On some recent changes on the surface of Jupiter.” H. - sia Russell. “On Thunder ins Hail Storms.” H. C. Russe ae “Remarks on the Colours of Jupiter’s Belts, and some chan; henge ns observed thereon during the opposition of 1880.” es Hirst.
8 Dec. ‘* On a specimen of Fossilized Wood. a: On the Composition of some N. S. Wales Coals.” -‘On the composition and
Barratta and Bingera Meteorites. » All b y Professor Liver- ge. ;
At the same meeting of 8th December, it may be remembered that a draft Act of Incorporation was submitted and adopted. Circumstances have hitherto prevented this being presented to the Legislature, but the Council will endeavour to get it passed in the next session of Parliament.
Since the commencement of the Royal Society there have been 102 general monthly meetings, besides numerous adjournments. We have had 166 papers at the general meetings, and about 40 more at the Sections. These papers represent a very fair amount of scientific labour, quite as much as could reasonably be expected, considering our circumstances and the busy lives that most of us m8 lead. At all events our existence as a Society, and our claims to public support, are sufficiently justified by these results. I have not considered it necessary to bring together a complete list of the papers, as I did for the Philosophical Society, as they are all to be found in the successive volumes of our Transactions.
_ gentlemen, but trust this will be accomplished very soon.
16 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS,
THE CLARKE MEMORIAL.
The steps that were taken in 1878-9 to commemorate our late Vice-President, the Rev. W. B. Clarke, must be fresh in your recollection. It was determined that a bronze medal should be — 1 struck, and presented from time to time to men of science, who _ have made valuable contributions to our knowledge of the Geology, - Mineralogy, or Natural History of Australasia. The execution of the medal was entrusted to Messrs Wyon, of London, and we have lately got from them the first specimen, which is now exhibited. It isa creditable work of art, and will, we trust, be- esteemed by its recipients. Through the kindness of Mr. Hunt, copies will hereafter be struck at the Sydney Mint as required. : The Council has now made four awards of this medal as follows: | —-For 1878, to Professor Owen, for his long-continued researches” on the Paleontology of Australia, especially for his series of papers to the Royal Society of London, on the Fossil Mammals of Australia. For 1879, to Mr. George Bentham, for his splendid work in conjunction with Baron Von Mueller, on the Botany of Australia. For 1880, to Professor Huxley, for his contributions the Natural History of this country ever since he visited our shores in the “Rattlesnake”; and, for the present year, to Professor M‘Coy, of Melbourne, for his numerous contributions to the Paleontology and Natural History of Australia. We hav not yet been able to actually present the medal to any of th
Brotocica, Laporatory ror Sy¥pNEY. I have now to request your kind attention a few minutes longer, while I bring before you a matter for which I wish t0 enlist your sympathy, in ibe hope that there may be a practical
butions in aid of the Building Fund, and I feel some reluctance i pressing the claims of any other scheme, even although it is on very closely connected with, and directly intended to further objects of this Society. It is probably within your knowl
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 17
that the well-known Russian naturalist, Baron Maclay, has for two or three years been endeavouring to establish a Zoological Station in the neighbourhood of Sydney. He has so far succeeded in his efforts that an eligible site at Watson’s Bay has been obtained from the Government, and considerable progress has been made with the building upon that site. The Government has also liberally engaged to double the subscriptions up to £300; but the necessary sum of £300 has not yet been made up, and what I have to ask of you to-night is to help to make it up, so that the corresponding sum may be claimed from the Treasury. I am assured by Baron Maclay, that for £600 the building can be fitted for use—not well fitted certainly—and more would have to be done afterwards ; but it is thought that when the public utility of the ‘establishment is proved, there may be less difficulty in getting further contributions towards perfecting the arrangements. I must, however, say at once that it is my hope and expectation that the Royal Society will not only assist in completing the ' building in the first instance, but that they will agree to devote a fixed sum annually towards its future support.
It may, however, be asked by those not familiar with the idea of a zoological station, what claims it has on a Society like ours. An answer to that will involve some account of the purpose of such stations, and what has been done in them in other parts of the world. Ina paper read before the Linnean Society of New South Wales, by Baron Maclay, in 1878, he defines a zoological station as “a laboratory established for conducting investigations in Anatomy, Embryology, Histology, and if possible, Physiology as well.” As plants as well as animals may be thus investigated, the Baron would prefer the name “Biological Laboratory” to that hitherto in use, He points out that ‘ most scientifie travellers have hitherto devoted their time and energies to collecting, and that often in the field of several sciences,” and thinks that “the time has arrived when this method should be abandoned, and that in place of mere collecting, the great aim of travel should be observation and investigation, exercised immediately and upon the 2
spot.” He recounts his own experience in different parts of the : :
ae | ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
world, and shows how time and opportunities may be lost throu, the want of a suitable place for undisturbed work. It was, indeed, from the personal experience of Baron Maclay and Dr. Dohrn, whi e working together at Messina in 1868, that the idea of establishi zoological stations first arose. In the following year the question ceivedafurther impulse at a Congress of Naturalists at Moscow; a under the care of Dr. Dohrn, and chiefly at his own expense,
first practical realization of the idea was obtained at Napl where a zoological station was opened in 1875. Other statio followed in Europe and America, but even yet there are only abo half a dozen in all. The success of the station at Naples has be most marked. It is now a large establishment with a very ¢0 plete equipment, not only in the building but in out-door appli- ances as well, such as boats (including a steamer), dredges, divi apparatus, &c., and in the early part of this year, as I learn from letter addressed to Baron Maclay by Dr. Dohrn, there were twen five men of science carrying on original investigations with pa assistants to the number of thirty-four. Three scientific periodic a are kept up by contributions from that station. The expense of such an establishment are necessarily large, and are met pi rt by payments for tables used, and partly by liberal donations 170 the German Government. The charge for a table is £T5p annum. Several of these tables are subscribed for by scientl bodies, who then acquire the right of nominating a worker. + British Association, for example, pays for a table, and pane e
an annual report on the subject and summarises what has ! done during the year. In the report presented last year stated that the establishment had been placed upon a more 8? footing than previously by a grant from the German Gove equivalent to £1,500, and which was understood to be annual:
towards the publications of the station} and the Berlin
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 19
voted £100 last year for the same purpose, making altogether £2,350 from Germany alone—“ a truly noble support,” remarks this report, “when it is borne in mind that the nation has no greater direct participation in the advantages of the station than any other country or association that may hire a table.”
The report further states that arrangements were being made for the establishment of a small station at Messina as a dependency of the one at Naples, and that for this additional advantage several lessors of tables have agreed to raise their contributions from £75 to £90, and the Committee recommend the British Association to follow this example.
As many working naturalists have very little money to spare for travelling, Dr. Dohrn has set on foot a scheme for the founda- tion of a travelling fund for the benefit of naturalists who may be nominated for the tables, and in his recent letter to Baron Maclay, he expresses a hope that something of the same kind will be done for the proposed station at Sydney. The report to the British Association concludes with a list of eighteen papers that had been published during the year by workers at the Naples station, together with a long list of naturalists to whom specimens and microscopic preparations had been sent from the station.
From this brief notice of the zoological station at Naples —the first and best of these modern institutions for the practical study of living organisms—I turn again to the more modest establishment that Baron Maclay has initiated here. He has pointed out in his paper to the Linnean Society that Australia is a tempting field for a zoological station. He says—* Next after the tropics (which are the richest in animal
life) the widest field offered to the investigator of nature, and.
consequently the most suitable region for the establishment of zoological stations is Australia, with a fauna so interesting, so important, and so very far from sufficiently known, especially as regards anatomy and embryology. Such a country would be the place for a zoological station, or to speak more correctly, for several such stations.” And for beginning the work in Australia, the
20 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS.
most central and suitable place he considers is Sydney. The site — granted by the Government is in a pleasant and convenient situa- 4 tion at Watson’s Bay. The building, now approaching completion, is a neat cottage providing five work-rooms and two bed-rooms, besides store-room and bath-room in the basement. It is not in tended to make a charge for each table or work-room, as at Naples, but every naturalist making use of the building will be expected to contribute a small sum, say 5s. a week, towards paying a care. taker. It is not supposed that this will meet current expenses, : and I have ventured to express the hope that this Society will not — only contribute at present to the cost of building, but will here- after grant an annual sum for maintenance. The first should be done by individual members, the second by the Council on behalf — of the Society generally. The Royal Society of Victoria, in con- x junction with members of other three Societies there, have agreed to give a subscription for the building, and an annual sum for — maintenance, and the Royal Society of N. 8. Wales will not, I 2 trust, be behindhand in this scientific enterprise, especially as our — | metropolis will have the honor of setting agoing the first zoological station or biological laboratory in the southern hemisphere. ,
ConcLusion. | With this address my duties as President come to an end ; and as . soon as I have read to you the report of the scrutineers on the ballot just taken I will cede the Chair to my successor. I will simply in conclusion express the pleasure I have had in presiding over : your meetings, and my hope that your newly elected President will have an equally pleasant year of office, and have as much solid work to pass in review as has been accomplished in the past year.
21
The Climate of Mackay. By Hy. Liye Rorn, F.M.S., &e.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S.W., 1 June, 1881.]
CKAY is a port on oo trons coast of Australia, in the Colony of Queensland, on the meer River, the centre of a rich and iving sugar-growin wing dis The landing place at Flat-top Island, at the mouth of the river, is situated in lat. 21° 9’ 19” south, and long. 149° 14’ 11” east, which would give as the position of the centre of the town, lat. 21° 10’ 25” south, and long. 149° 1 ast. The district was discovered in 1861 by Mr. John Mackay, and no mouth of the Pioneer River was surveyed by Capt. Heath, in 1862.
Miliicclepiccs Observations Age at “ The Hollow” (Messrs. : C. & , Y 8 S. Raw on).
“The Hollow” is saaies about 20 aa due west of the town of Mackay, on the ight bank of the Pioneer River, and about 200 feet above aoe lawet
Observations were instituted at the suggestion of the late Mr. John Wate rhouse, F.R.S., F.M.S., &e., &e., of Well Head, Halifax, Yorkshire, England, who originally sent out the instruments.
Observations are taken daily at a.m., and are confined to
“2
At first the returns were regularly forwarded to Mr. Water-
house, but on the death of _ gentleman no further reductions were
the existence of breaks in the records. These breaks are :— Tn 1876... Fron = to 30 June (incl.), all records.
»» 1877... 28 A 1, dry and wet bulb therm. i ie) eee 12 te: i8 June ot ), all records. »» 1878... Aug. to to Dec. (incl.), minimum shade temp. (therm. broken).
2 1879... 2 to 7 Nov. jinel, id gael et bulb therm. (Oey ioe ai get ee 13 Nov. saints: and wet bulb t . » 1880... 138 F ‘eb., all ; “ by
records. 2» 9s -. I4and nd 15 Feb., ee
29 3y ee 16 and 93 Nov., = 2? ” Set pea 23 to 27 Dee, {in incl.) ” ” ”
22 THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
On a cattle-station such breaks are almost unavoidable, as it is — not possible always to be at home at a stated time daily. Matters — have, however, been so arranged now that in future such breaks will not occur. Since the beginning of the present year max. sun and min. grass temperature observations, as well as wind observations, have been taken. : Barometric observations being only recorded once daily, have not been reduced. have, however, now arranged with Mr. ©. C. Rawson to gradually increase the number of instruments. One of Mr. Russell’s barographs is being specially constructed for “The Hollow” and — ‘an anemometer will be erected this year. ‘ At “The Alexandra” (J. Ewen Davidson, Esq.), the Rainfall for the past thirteen years (from 1868 up to date) has been recorded; ~ otherwise only exceptional phenomena have been observed. The — Z. shade temperature taken at “ Alexandra” during 1868.is a8 ~ ollows :— ;
Max. Min Max. Min.
JANUATY ......scecee ees 952 687 AY voscekiiriesiccn 755 86418 Febraary ..ci..ce0eve 902 681 || August 776 - 398 arch 880 605 ptember ......... 819. 4f3 RT Sueee ay WA 86°3 590 |) October .sisccseie. 88-0 54°6 Pi acccssesutscs 785 54°6 || November ......... 88°38 568
J 773 cember ......... 63°5
Wherever authentic notes concerning the climate have beet obtainable I have made use of them, but I am more particularly
indebted to the Messrs. Rawson and Davidson for the long list of gures and facts placed at my disposal.
Tar Crrmate or Mackay.
The points in which the Mackay climate differs from the climates
of other districts on the coast are due, beyond the actual situation of the district in latitude and longitude, to the peculiar position
are smal] plains ; originally the ter part of this portion of
country was heavily aes ir ee “, The country, whilst thus exposed fully from the N.E. to
S.E., is sheltered to a great extent on the &, W. and N. by bso
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY. 23
range and isolated mounts, and accordingly as easterly or westerly winds prevail so does the temperature rise and fall. Often when the rains are heavy on the coast below the range, over the range there is no fall at all; and whilst the country over the range is fully exposed to the westerly winds, Mackay only feels them when they blow strongly (chiefly at night); again, the broken nature of the country on the north side of the river causes a wide difference in the annual amount of the rainfalls there (Tables X and XI). _At the present moment there are eight rain-gauges in the district, as follows: at Homebush, the Alexandra, the Hollow, Nebo Telegraph Station, St. Helen’s (started this year), Bloomsbury a Station, the Cedars, and at the Telegraph Station in wn.
until April, and occasionally into May. In June and July there is usually a small amount of rain ; the fall in the latter month last year (1880) was exceptional, being 8°55 in. at the Alexandra an .
rainy season on a uring the last three years rain, season has been a month or more la e greatest rainfall recorded in twenty-four at of th ge SS
‘In December, 1874, there occurred at Foulden Plantation (about 4 miles from town on the north side of the river) an extraordinary local fall of rain, 15 inches falling in twenty-four hours :—
On December 4, at 9 a.m., 0°70 inches were recorded. | : ” ”» 4,at6p.m., 9°50 ,, * 9 15 inches in twenty- ” ” 5, at 9am., 550 ,, > = four hours.
9 ” 6, at 9 a.™M., 0°70 eee 2?
At Alexandra, at the same time, the fall was as follows ee On December 4, at 8 a.m., 2°70 inches were recorded.
» i 5, at 8 a.m., 6°83 5
> ” 6, at 8 a.m,, 0-22 ” ” ” During this time it rained throughout the district, but only locally heavily at Foulden, where at the back the creek was as swollen as in flood-times, although the river only rose slightly (Rainfall tables 1, VII, IX, X, XI).
24 THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
There have been five hurricanes recorded in Northern Queens- land since 1860 :— Jan. 20, 1 Feb. 9, 1 Mar. 2, een at Townsville (see Messrs. Rawson’s pees Jan, 22, 1874, at Ase esa ‘ Feb. 22, 1875, at Bowen e % The floods in the river, on record, are those of ss 1867, 1874, — and 1875, oe with the hurricanes and hea In March, 5, the river rose up to within 4 feet of the 1875 flood-marks. The ooze deposited by the floods is great ; aiter flood of March, 1881, this yon I measured cakes of ooze varying from ? to 1% in in thickne In July, 1880, nee was a storm, the records of which taken at the Alexandra are as follows: . duly u. tolies of wind in 24 hours, 56 miles; rainfall 1 a inches, . 3 3° o? 13. af
” 0 ” ”?
9 93 30 >> ”” 1 ‘14 ”
the rains; it rises gra dually from parm to J une, falls more rapidly, attaining its mean lowest point in November, then rises slightly in December and rapidly in January. When the
~— temperature for the four years 1876, 18: 187 9, and 18 1880, reduced from the maximum Sa minim observations at the Hollow, is = 31° F.; that as pier 1856 2 1875, is 625. The mean minimum is 62-7, and the mean
r yea i
April (four years) being 73-4, isthe nearest approach to the annua ome vious to 1876 the only temperature observations OP record are those of the year 1868, taken by Mr. Davidson at the Alexandra.
December is the hottest month, the mean temperature decre slowly until March, when the decrease is at the rate of four degre per month, until the lowest mean (60-6) is reached in July, when the rise is at the rate of five degrees per month until t the mean of October is attained ; the rise ig rapid in N. — whose meanly only 1-2 degrees less than that of Decembe
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY. 95
R672. duly 29....5. 60085 31° TSTG. Sag DO. cinicce cc 29°
eee ays. | Semen eet 29° bea ig: eae ees SRE ey 29°
» ol 30° 95 era 28°
Ate - TiS cic 28° 3: Se 28°
Pr pate eee 30° sb ae age) RRR foe 32°
. ome: Hyer er 30° ae. Bptimmecee re
iia. July 16. oc: 32° 1878; June ics 31°
1874. No frosts. 1970, July ib. -- i 32°
1976. June 27 a. ci 306] [eae Jone 22... mics ad vale 6h. ee
The mean diurnal range, as reduced from observations taken at the Hollow, is tolerably great for the locality ; it is 21°8 degrees ;
it is greatest in September ; during August, October, and Novem-
ge amounts to 145 degrees only ; the range throughout that month fluctuates very little, and it is in that month that the heaviest rainfalls are
The extreme range of temperature recorded at the Hollow, from 114°5° in the shade on. 31st December, 1877, to 35° in the shade on llth June, 1878, is 79°5°
It is much to be regretted that the winds have not been recorded, as So very much depends on them.
The climate is healthy ; the less healthy periods are towards the end of the year, before the wet weather sets in, and during and
er the wet seasons: From August to the middle of November the climate is genial.
CoxDENsED notes on the climate previous to 1876 (when the con- Paterno a eine ee ti were instituted), e: Rawson :— —
from the diaries of Messrs. C. and incl... Rain more or less daily. On 23rd the river rose, , ... The shade thermometer up to 110° daily. ESS Heavy dew. ” Rain and thunderstorm.
Two thunderstorms.
26 : THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
SE EA, 0 Waseyaev scene Raining heavily. Dae ile peiniowss seve sss Rain. : oes Mar. 2to6 incl, ... Raining heavily. On 4th flood in river ” 12 and 13 = River r going down, but still high. Sisiwnie Rain
31 incl... 4 Aja ite .G, : Rain more or less daily. River very high on 2nd and
5th.
» 8tol2 ,,... 5, more or less daily. or 21 to 24 99 ee ” +9 ” »” | Be eee Drizzle all day, RE I GSE ete Sight rain, ge) to 18 incl... Rain. ws at i em June 12 and 13-...... ce yw 18 and. 19 2.0: - » 20 to Sept. 16. No records. Sept. 17. -tcenw. in. gy OE Sarason Heavy rain. River rose 15 a by 12 o’clock. Oct. 1] : ee siecle All hse ea voi sick list with fev "i 5, 1867, to 31 ta 1871, = ao tears ‘ IS. Pet 2 a ene Rain . oa 95 as = Wiglse 645 ’ Mar. 5and6 ...... eng | eerste i ene ae et Three showers. Wyte Rwa Rain. Bree |! eater ee mn Too wet to brand. May: 2S sien Rain. pt ae See ne i ie: eee eee 4 oe | MO ee yy Off and on, sy SE elke yy hard, a Oct. 4 to 6 incl en — 99 4D cavrcccereresce 33 oo ince » 22402 incl... hard. 2 Hp OO Se eeeew es Nov. 3 Weary thunderstorm e 95 19 to Dec. 11.. No records, 7 97 fo 3 inc. Bas toe ok or aai : in ain more or Be 1872. Jan. 4 to 18, 9 ts a by DP iiss coativs ae a ee We eb. i ee = On 23rd Sanuary thet mometer 95° i in the ete during rain = Rebs 5 occas chaps Thermometer 102° in | » 12 to ja incl... Rain. On 14th river one veey high 33
pat Ria po ae ge ee
Mar ps coz a”? 7| ay cis pens » heavily—it was much needec Sept. 3und4 ...... ws Aes ROU. IO cess cueseds Heavy thunderstorm,
~~ Bend Bias, Rain, heavy.
i Bice Sia iy Se as Fe
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
1872. Nov. vi ea inets Rain, heavy, and thunderstorm. F Aand 16.3%. 3 “ i I9ioDee. Sine. ,, more or less daily. Dec. 27 t 1873, Jan. 18 tit: se ee ae? a days continuously. River up 0 _ h January, and very high on 16th Jan uary. Jan. “4 to lincl... ,, occasionally very hard. (ie ee eer Showery. 3 and 4° iH Rain. gy 6 tiseenaivets Showery. », 13 to 17 incl... Rain more or less daily. », 19to22 ,, .. ” 2? 24 to 26 Ola ” 9 7 2? cigcet tes lasaeeuyeess »» hard, Mar to 3 incl. vi ” yand 10.. ” po bes OO as incl ig April POO 7 iveseveew 33 2? to 27 ai: ” May 14 to 17 incl me ee +s pee. = 26 incl ee ” ps eee 9 June to eer e ay » tolZinel... ,, River up on 13th. , » te and Tis 7 , St LD eee lees ¥5 3g. hd es y fi SP cian, rm PRY Bilis es “ ge AO naive ys 4% SU ane SL nace a SUE... 2B ectiwostisiens Showery. Sp es Yealicadioe Rain. : 99 Soh wesesseee esse hard. t Light showers, Nov. 2to 4 incl... ee. ee ee Weary caeagneisa re: am ip eo Ceanewenreaeeee pe 4 p.m : 9 26 sess ceseseee oe ¥» at night. 99 db ween ce ewnaees ” ph Oi eA Thunderstorm. 3 ) ? 39 ) eee re eeeweeeee in a et eer Heavy thi understorm as usual at 4 p.m Wo 2 re Thunderstorm at 8 p.m. ” oe 3) hund rm. — : 9 . Thund in evening.
28
1874. ha
1875.
= “THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
a to 13 incl... Rain. = on ee oA Mar. 3 Sar : ” 23 to 25 >» 2? He ” 28 to 31 ” ” a a ei 1, 3 3 May 10 oa . : ‘ heavily. Be DO Se laa »» very hard. ite Oo eA oe 7 yt. 8 incl 7 5, 12 to 14 <= TS a » heavily at5 a.m. Jaly 3and 4...... Rain hard hoo ae ad 20 5 Be: Se eee Showers. : 32? 28 to 30 incl... Rain hard : La. eee ee ee Mee eee 6 Basa - 3, 18 to 2) incl ys 20 and 27: - Dec, : ; to eae »» hard daily ; thunderstorm on 7th, Jen, $0555 ae steadily” all day. eee » = or less ; on 3lst river pre Feb. and oo 33% ss on ni ite » 13 to to 16 incl... > ay Tiver-very va indeed. ; 39 —— Very high wind and rain Be an lowing a gale, wi 3 viver very — 3 28 — = ae for a ts of hours $6. OE See es ea Rain heavily 3 river be her than ever seen; 5. even days coming from sick vat Mackay, weratly a fifteen hours’ — wGl;., vily se is * Showers. il ic ie No record May 19: ...... fits Rain. : ee = 27 inel... o> hard. > Coho a2 - orate . ” hard. 7 23 ees Pre + ” Fuly TV seeesserscee Heavy thunderstorm. 8 wee : ae ” os ill St enees oe een ees > eae eee Se ny ge ee ee Nov, : pietavaiecs "Teceniengtowm at night, but very little rain. Pave Wexey tan.
Beet weet AE oS casein: Earthquak town
Peek e ewer eee ee
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY. 29
fete ee eeeenen
See Rete weer rere
Pee eve eserre ree
e. Shocks were felt and heard in and on s of the river. At
Hermitage,” on the river bank, about miles from the wharves in town, two
river. e shock continuous was felt and heard at ‘*The Hollow,” but at the ‘‘Nyth,”
_ r lack, the Station, gives the time of the occurrence as about 2 minutes to9 p.m. (H.L:R.)
TABLE I,
RaTNFALL.—Receiving surface of Rain-gauge 8 inches, at a height of 3 ff. 1 in. from the ground, and about 200 feet above sea-level.
A
G
1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. | 1880. Average. Month, Inches. Days Inches. |Days./ Inches. Days.| Inches. Days Inches bere] Inches. | Jan....! 834/16! 3-519} 5 6 | 10°88 | 22 | 11:63/ 21 | 9 Feb...., 8°92 12 | 9-90| 22 | 9-18| 14| 7°89| 12 25-96 20 | 12370 Mar....| 23-36 | 14 | 19°88 | 30 | 34°70 | 30 |18°03| 27 4°04) 1 ‘ > 2:20; 9} 312/19! 0 8 |10°99! 19 10°97, 21 | 5°652 - May...) 1156/18 | 0-05! 5| 3:02] 11} 1°35) 6| 0:99) 10| 3-494 June.) 405/13 | 2-77) 11] 5 4/2 6| 1:71). 4) 3186 July... 2°30) 7 | 0-67| 8| 0-66/ 6| 1-41| 5| $:26\14| 2660 Aug...) 029| 7/ 0-21| 3/ 0 2| 4:16) 9 | 0-04, 1} 0-958 Sept... 0°67; 6 | 270/10} 1-76| 10} 167| 5| 0:20} 3} 1-400 Oct...) 2°74] 8] oo1| 1 | 4:32] 4] 3-76} 12} 1°07) 6| 2°380 Nov...| 2-29] 8| 1:53] 41 3:57] 7! 0-15| 1! 1-64} 9! 1°822 Dee...) 3:58} 9| 3-62) 9 | 1072/15 | 1-22} 4| 660| 11] 5-148- Totals | 70-23 |127 | 53°31 (141 79°98 127 | 64-06 128 | 73°11 133 | 68°138
“Annual average rainfall, 68-138 inches. number of rai
y days, 130. 0°519 inches.
= ” L rainy : Verage fall on each rainy day, Greatest average monthly fall of rain was in March, 20-002 inches.
0-958
2 23 ory + ? ugust, ae reatest monthly fall of rain was 34°70 inches, in March, 1878. a. a eg a
30. THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
_ Heavy falls in twenty-four hours :—
-. $00 inches on 22 March, 1876. 3°95 93 +? 23: bea 7 4°30 23 bed 2 L 33 23 5°50 33 93 } May 3° 400 ,,- ,, 21 February, 1877. 8:98. ,,.. 5, 10 March, 1878. 6°64 29 ” ‘ 29 ” 4°74 39 29 99 99 Seber. pst sober 1878. 3°50 © 45.5, 9 March; 1879, 4°03 ,, ,, 23 January, 1880 5°63 ,, ,, 5 February, ,, B35 sy; 4
‘81
5
In September, Oceabee November, and partly December, rains are e almost a
is os to thunderstorms from the south- west, which finish in the — uth-eas
‘ a e pata season rains, from December to April, and even into May, are PNorthe up fro it thes east, chiefly the south- ve aie a
DEGREE or Humiprry (Absolute aortas a OBSERVATIONS taken at 8 a.m, daily from dry an + bulb thera the reductions ne made by means of Gincher s Tables
Month. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. Means. ee ee 82°9 | 81°5 771 810 | 83-4 | 812 February ............ 824 | 83-1 82-0 811 85:0 | 827 March 88-0 85 | 902 | 880 | 79-6 | 869 ES eee 866 | 880 | 896 | 88-2 | 899 | 898 DN ins overs scans 89°8 91-9 | 888 | 898 | 899 GORE oe siieacics cess. 89°4(?)/ 93°5(2)| 93-2 | 88-4 | 900 | 90°9 cit eee 9 | 916 | 887 | 89-4 | 90-0 on ugust ...... 87-4 | 89-4 | $89 | 88-7 i September ............ 789 | 83-7 | 863 | 798 | 770 | 812 BES Rivibicena. 709 | 757 | 734 | 806 | 74:6 | 150 November ............| 713 | 797 | 696 | 70-7 | 675 | 71%
prsubvceasin 716 | 762 | 785 | 646 | 77 | 1808
. ee
Means............ | S22 | 848 | 842 | S25 | 827 | Sees ;
The relative Fathi. i: age humidity at 8 a.m. is therefore 83°] mi 1 which there is least rang is November, the average. “a
41
g 90" The ear 1877 was the most was the atte at a lng ad io. :
een days more ‘hat in 1878, the ear ae hi neki in oink 0! In 1977 on tel twelve gt 8 only did the tet saad fall te 3 of saturatiod,
The moisture in May, June, Jal an st, is largely due to fogs and heavy dews ; the dryness Beptans Oeveber, Serene: and Decembet
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.- 31
to westerly winds and occasional Byes northerly winds (on this point, how- ever, eit observations have not been made). In Boss ee ypote 1878, owing to westerly wind, the hum idity fell on ‘+h 7th to ads n from same cause to 40 o n 27th No vernber; 1879. On 28th Sevteniben "1880, it fell to 36, the lo went on record, aturation was reached four times in —s 1876; once in Febru March, and ,October, and twice in December, 187 YB thrice i n March, eight imes in June, and once in Revticihe r, 1878; once in jamin’ and Au ugust, 1879; once in February and May, 1880. cent fell below 3 2 of saturation 30 times in 1876. 2
” ” > , 1877 ” 3 BS eng one Fis ” ” ” 36 Pola rees 75! 3 ” ” ” 25, 1880
TABLE III. Mean Mintuum Suave TEMPERATURE (self-registering thermometer).
Month. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880.
January 729 | 719 | 716 708 | 72:3 February “0-2 | 69°9 | 72:4 | 705 | 73-4 March 70-4 | 697 | 713 | 71 | 713 April wd OF 62:9 | 644 | 659 | 688 May.. 626 | 55°9 | 592 | 52°9 | 567 June 56-6(2), 53°9(2)} 49°7 | 508 | 501 July 489 | 479 | 496 | 49°83 | 50-1 Augu: 96.1 474 | aa. | 569 7 Os September oe ee eee 58-2 | 55°9 WP iiewiinbieien scsi 586 | 59°6 64:0 | 62-9 November 6k a 67-6 | 705 ber eee ITO | 726 | 70°3
Year 62:0 | 612 62:5 | 627
TABLE IV. MEAN Maxrcm Suape TEMPERATURE (self-registering thermometer).
Month. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880.
seg? (SE Metta sl 90-4 | 906 | 9371 84°7 February 853. | 875 | 962 84:3 March... 851 | s44 | 86-2 | 85°2 | 85-9 April .. g12 | 835 | 87-1 81°1
May........ 769 | 839 | 804 | 779 | 7 June 72°9(?), '75°8(2)| '75°1 3°] 723 July..... 691 | 73-9 | 783 | 738 | 696 igust 75:3 | 819 | 810 | 791 | 767 September $49 | 84:8 | 86°9 4 | 816 ber 940 | 918° | 915 | 81 85°7 November 99:3 | 973 | 946 | 902 | 9271 December 97°4 98°S 96°6 88-5 | gaa | 86-4
32. oe ee THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY 4 a TABLE V. a . Mean SHADE TEMPERATURE (reduced from the maximum and m daily temperatures) for four years. a Month. 1876. 1877. 1879. 1880: January 81°6 81 80°7 785 February 777 78°7 81°4 789 March 77°7 77°0 Trt 78°6 == 72° 73° 73°2 746 ay 70 70°0 65°4 66°8 June 64°7(2)| 64°8(2)) 615 | 61-2 July 89 | 61:9 | 61:8 | 59-9 3°9 64°5 67°5 63°8 September 699 | 706 | 72:3 | 68:9 0 76°3 75°7 72°9 743 November 82°5 82°9 789 81°3 ber 83°2 83°3 79°4 Year ..... 732 | 738 | 73:0 | 722 The mean shade temperature is 73°1 degrees, The highest mean is reached in December, 82°6 degrees. aoe The lowest _,, i July, 60°6 degrees. a
_ Mean Diurnat Ranee or TempEratuRE Ix Suave, reduced from | he ‘ a ‘ebart . : ‘
ae,
TABLE VI.
Re
“registering maximum and minimum thermometers. A
Month. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879.
Y scvsvetiest- 195 18°6 22°6 19°9 February .........| _15°1 17°6 23°9 21°8 i ecg 14°8 14°7 14°7 14°2 April 18°1 20°6 22°F 14°5 Se reas 14°4 27°9 21°2 25°0
June eer . 16°2 21°8 25°4 21°5 i Se ete 202 | 27-9 | 298 | 93:9 August .. 22°7 34 ie 232 September........ 392 33 | 28°3 November . 34-4 | 291 i 06 December .....,...| 0 27°8 213
eh Ne Xe? .c.0.| BS 25°2 ee 21°2
The mean diurnal range for four years is 21°8 degrees. oe
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY,
TABLE VIa, Mean Diurnat Rance, 1880. VAHURTY = siiesis. 12°5 | Max. 19°0 on 25th Min, 4:0 on 23rd February ......... 10°9 i 88 Oe 5» 40, 2st Mare ses. 14°6 >» wed ,, 29th je OO Hs; April 12°3 sy OES: 55° Sth » 980,, 14th tf aa ree 169 fay iy i OO ye CLE WON iy inceies 22:2 pane. cae > et Oy PUIG ON ccc. 19°6 gp) POO gp AL » 5%,, 13 and 15 August: ....-..:.: 25°8 OO, Tih » 10°0 ,, 17th September ...... 26°0 », 36° ,,19,24&31| ,, 145 ,, 10th ROME a 22°8 w oe0 ; GR 7 19, - ea November ...... 21°6 > 28°0';, 2nd »» 18°0 ,, 29th December......... 18-2 1 60, ee is 8S ,, Dh be ges S94 oo See eee TABLE VIs. No, or Days on whieh Temperature in Shade went up to and over 90°. Month. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1830. | Mean. JANUALY occ cceees 21 16 26 16 3 16 Februiity ics... 5 11 25 17 4 12 Mawel viecccoeev. 2 5 5 7 4 : BAY ciiticttcs 2a cs : 2 8 i 3 3 May a. a 3 1 1 fs JUNG abies ion. on Jaly Niece ve Aagiee ea “o s ae a oe sits September..........., 6 7 13 9 1 7 aie in cocci 26 2 | 2 2 6 ~ November ............ % | 3 | @ a= |= BE as 2 | 29 27 26 wa Ong a ee a im jm; es |. es) $$$
“THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.—
34
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‘Avyouyy (“bey ‘uosprarg wom “f) UOyTquL[y vaApuvxXoTy ye TIVANIVY TIA GTavi
a8 : THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
Diameter of receiving-surface of rain-gauge, 8 inches. Height of receiving-surface of the gauge above ground, 4 ft. 6 inches. Approximate height of ground above the level of the sea, 60 feet. Approximate distance from town, 6 miles, in a due westerly direction. The greatest fall of rain occurred on the 10th March, 1878, when 14:07 in, 4 fell in beens, Sete hours.
1870, Nov. Te ee, * IS7l. dane 6 5°48 yy 1872. 4 12 ; B55 %} Dec. 4 3°82 ms 1873. Jan. 14 4°74 $y Dec. 24 ho eg 1874. Jan. 22 20S. 5, Dee. 5 6°83 ” £S75t. Pate BL veins 4°11 + e Feb. 16 4°50 yy ” » 20 6°42 ” is Apl. 18 10°25 ¥5 ” y 19 5°75 ” ” May 26 4°70 ” ” 27 5
00 In this year there were fourteen days on which abore three inches of rain fell, on six of which days above — inches fell. 187 an. 755
27
+3 atei6 3s i 1877. Feb. 20 5 4°35 ” is Mar. 14 5s <a ” Wi. Dk cncainsdienins a rncte wee 466 ,, 1878. Mar. 9 465s, » » 10 14°07 _— i=», ” ” . 4°19 ” ic. 31 3°32 ”
1879, Jan. 14 6°73 ” ”> Feb. 1 3°68 ” ” Mar. Best 3°24 ” ” oo” 10 3°56 ” 1880. Jan. 23 . 4°63 ” o> Feb. ‘ 5 7 U2 ” Lee ” 18 4°20 ” ” July 12 A Bs w#
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
g
PBEGCORNRUORCRERRBEEERGEAE SERPS ewowzwaanan
Total ...
TABLE X. RarnFatt, Mackay District, for March, 1878.
Town. Alexandra. Cedars. Hollow, 4°38 2°71 4°88 1°24 4°74 3°40 5°42 3°07 2°81 2°35 217 4°74 101 1°39 0°95 1:29 0°62 0°63 1°18 lll 0°43 0°30 0°52 001 O11 0:00 0:00 0:01 0-48 0°60 0°94 0°28 714 4°65 3°93 6°64
16°81 14°07 15°85 8°98 4°90 2°63 2°87 0°70 0-09 0°03 0°00 0°72 0-14 0°22 0-00 0:28 0°43 071 0°63 0°64 017 0°30 0°52 0°45 0°17 0-45 0°58 0°05 0°12 0-12 0-06 0°14 0-00 0°00 0°00 0:00 0°09 0°27 0°00 0°09 0°59 0°32 1°39 0°45 0°45 0°19 0°32 0°69 0°26 0°37 0°16 0:06 0-07 0°22 0°42 0°35 0°20 0°02 0°19 O17 0-07 0°24 0°06 0-06 0°10 0-09 0-00 013 0°52 0°37 0°00 0-23 0°05 0°20 0-00 0-09 2°26 4-19 3°45 0°46 2°47 191 113 153 0°00 0°00 0°05 0-04 51°68 42°95 47-67 34°70 29 28 23 30
No. of Wet Days
RatxFatt, Mackay District, for February, 1880.
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY.
TABLE XI.
Day. Town. | Hollow. |Alexandra.| Cedars. — got 1 000 | O14 | 013 | 0-49 | O88 | O11 2 048 | O37 | 043 | O74 | O12 | 0°47 3 025 | 009 | O14 | 043 | 006 | O-15 4 015 | O12 | 015 | 030 | 3:92 | 0-32 5 750 | 563 | 7:02 | 11°55 | 5°34 | 5°80 6 524 | 535 | 270 | 351 | O11 372 7 060 | 000 | 000 | o-12 | 013 | 0-00 8 0:00 | 001 | 000 | 000 | 0-00 | 0-00 9 0:00 | 0:00 | 000 | 063 | 0-00 | 0-00 10 064 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 0-42 | 0:00 1l 024 | 030 | 000 | 000 | 0-04 | 0°52 12 000 | 021 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 0-13 13 00S | 000 | 0-00 | 600 | 000 | 0-09 ce 000 | 007 | 015 | 000 | 000 | 0-00 15 0:00 0:00 0:00 0-00 0°00 0°00 16 000 | 000 | 010 | 000 | 1°36 | 0-00 17 000 | 0-01 | O12 | 000 | 408 | 0°00 18 638 | 5S1 | 420 | 627 | 211 0:87 19 229 | 167 | 1°75 | 212 | 1-21 2:38 20 125 | 214; 215 | 1°87 | 290 | 5:30 21 180 | 218 | 292 | 220 | 212 | 2:90 _ 2 O87 | O91 | 015 | O78 | 0-73 | O11 23 030 | 059 | 0-00 1:00 0°18 0°16 24 O0f | 028 | 012 | 000 | O11 | 0713 25 005 | 007 | 000 | 028 | 000 | O15 26 000 | O01 | O11 018 | 0-00 | 0-00 27 009 | 000 | O17 | 0:00 | 000 | 0:00 28 0:00 | 000 | 0-00 000 | 000 | 0-00 29 000 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 000 | 0:00 Total...... 28°06 | 25-96 | 21-71 | 32-47 | 25°32 | 23°31 No. of 16 20 17 16 18 ; 7
THE CLIMATE OF MACKAY. 39
RaInFatt, Mackay District, for the year 1880.
Month. Town. Hollow. |Alexandra.| Cedars. ene g nrona Nebo. Jan --| 10°20 | 11°63 | 12°63 86 15°33 9°38 4°82 eb -| 28°06 | 25°96 | 21°71 | 32:47 | 25°32 | 923-31 3°95 March 5°04 4:04 46 5°52 6°31 1°52 0-00 pril...... 19°29 | 10°97 | 14:21 | 14°61 | 14°62 9°75 4°05 May ...... 1°79 0-99 1 14 1°64 0-00 0°13 June ...... 1°14 1°71 29 2-20 3°57 0°50 0°86 Se 10-08 8-26 855 | 10°06 | 10°57 6°50 | 12°57 August 0-00 0-04 0°10 0-15 00 0-00 0:00 ee 0°38 0-20 0-11 0°37 0°83 0:00 0-00 October 3-05 1:07 1°62 2°67 1-03 1°33 0°98 Ov. . 6°67 1-64 3°87 4°50 1°91 1-28 9°67 Dass os 10°61 6°60 7°39 | 10°37 6°94 6°25 1‘73 Tes 96°31 | 73-11 | 81:10 | 93°04 | 88-07 | 59°82 | 38°76
Town rain-gauge at Tele egraph Office, 8 ft. 4 in. above ground, with 8 in. receiving surface ; about 3 miles from the coast.
The “ Cedars” rain-gauge (M. Hume Black, Esq., M.L.A.), = ae eee ground, with 8 in. receivin ving surface, situated about 5 miles fr feos i ?) abo
The ‘‘ Homebush” rain-gauge (F. H. Myddleton, Esq.), 3 ft, 6 inches above ground, with 8 in. receiving surface, miainted ‘about 124 miles = town ina S.W. direction, and about 120 ft. above the level of the ae
The “ Bloo: msbury” rain-gauge (Tel. St.) issituated about 65 miles
north of , Mackay, within abou t 6miles of the coast, ata tolerable aan. “ _ The “Nebo” ra: in-gauge is s situated about 75 miles from peonride across the range in a south-westerly directi
[Plan.]
TABLE IX. Curves of the Rainfall at Alexandra Plantation (J. Ewen Davidson, Esq.), Mackay. ga Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
es Saat 5 ~, Gee ‘soe 45 ato Me Rene Rone rg ees 1878 42 acess Be & 4] ba 40 a Le 6 eet Be or - Pe a " Sa 35 84 openers, “ eb See ee 32 31 lene Sieaiay 30 PL 29 Ee Se ae 28 aE Bos 27 POEL imagen 5 26 2 Shite Se 5 of aes co ee Ee ~ OS SRE Sie Max. 20 Petcare ey \ i ESSE 2 pe ea | Ge Wie prj omanee ae 1 Is. md Shad 18 ree, Mean, 13 years. 7 aces ll S00 10 = \ i 9 Se 7380 7 : a eo ee as a 6 ~—__| 44 \ y N 6 Sousa \ cd 4 Ba “ 7 Pi. 786: 2 Sree, SR | Loa nest Min. — This
mon distribution of the rainfall. ee in March, 1878, w! cing Aner wopr pone eee :
ae
i i I ue Ee ri
; me month occurred August, Isa, (uring thirteen years in which no rain at all fell; these sare April, 1872, > 1871, and
LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE. Se /4. 8i (b] SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES.
three months =
Notes of a Journey on the Darling. By W. E. Axport, Wingen, N.S.W.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 1 June, 1881.)
there, I accepted the offer. In the course of my travels I met
Darling, or Barwon, as it is there
The country from Murrurundi to Walgett is perhaps as rich as any part of the Colony, or even of Australia, consisting of o P and low timber, there being a noti scarcity of w
called, in i sense, forest country.
_The trees are of a tolerable size for about 100 miles west of the Liverpool and after that all the tim! dwarfed. What 1s called forest land in Australia gets its name on the lucus a non lucendo principle, because there is an absence of anything in the Shape of genuine forest timber. The massi running up
here timb Some ironbark, and along the banks of the rivers there is a gh the
of good-sized gum trees, but thou country is lial
4
massive trees “— hundreds of feet and shutting out the light of day with their —
42 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.
means timberless in the sense of having no timber at all of kind, the absence of large trees is a noticeable feature in scenery.
The traveller going westward from the main range on an the rivers, from the Gwydir in the north, to the Lachlan in
in the vicinity of the Great Dividing Range until, before read the Darling, he will find that, with the exception of the red all the trees so familiar to the dwellers on the East Coast and
a
rith trees or shrubs of various kinds, seldom rising more than 20 or 30 feet in height. And this brings me 0 *
‘NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 43.
Supposing the soil to contain a large quantity of salt, which, to judge by the salt nature of the vegetation and the number of salt wells, seems very probable, would not the effect of the rainfall be to wash the salt out of the surface soil and carry it down to the subsoil, and then the surface-rooting plants might flourish and deep-rooting plants which could not bear a salt soil would perish ?
course in sandy country, where the water could percolate freely, the salt would be carried to a greater depth than in clay soils, and so we find the salt-bushes almost without exception growing on clay soils that are not subject to inundation. is would account for the fact of the rivers having a fringe of gum and
ges as they are called, although in many cases there seems to be no ridge but only a change from clay to sand, and in the only place in which I saw a section of the strata the clay was overlying the sand.
After leaving Walgett I went up the Darling (or Barwon) to the Queensland boundary, and noticed that in all the country on the lower Namoi, and all up the Barwon to Queensland, there isa remarkable absence of stones or rocks of any kind. There is a
ind of rock showing in the Barwon River in one or two places, more particularly at Bundinbarrina Falls, but the appearance 1s rather that of burnt clay than of what one might call a genuine rock. I brought a specimen from Bundinbarrina Falls, and after- wards, on examining the Fishery as it is called at Brewarrina, which is about 160 miles lower down the Darling, I saw that the
exactly the same in both places, the river descending not ina single a ; but in a series of rapids by which in about 100 yards it falls eet.
murrillo means ant-hill— is, the red cone-shaped ant-hill that 1s found in all the northern and wes parts of New South sex ese ant-hills nearly always built on the high
: are gtound in that part of the Colony, to avoid floods, and as the
440 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.
are found. These murrillo ridges are not by any means num
Darling and as far west as the Warrego, and southward ne Bourke, and up the Bogan nearly to Nyngan, I always fou composed of the same cong] te—that is t] in apy
In looking at these murrillo ridges and seeing the ground s with white waterworn pebbles, looking almost as if there had fall of snow, I often wondered what could have been the gee character of the country from which this conglomerate orig
came. e pert m prove beyond question that the materials must have been
constituents are found in sitw without any appearance of | been subject to the action of water in motion. About 50 miles east of Cobar, over a large extent of
— is a rather remarkable place where the er ¥ Tate 1s exposed at Grawin Water between the Narran Darling, about 15 miles from the Narran River and 20 he game
_ Riding along in a slightly undulating country interspers rich p $ one comes suddenly on what seems to be a fine with steep rocky banks about 20 feet high, and a body:
; and on ge : : same thing happens in a short ‘Magnificent river begins and ends in about a mile. —
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 45 out on to the western plain ; but the thing which strikes one at
60 yards in width and 20 or 25 feet deep.
On examining the country round and making inquiries, I found that there was a very large area of country (of which Cawarra Plain is the lowest part) surrounded by ridges, and only open to the north towards the Narran River, and it seems probable that this used in times of flood to be filled from the Narran, and that the point in which Grawin Water is now found was the lowest place where the water broke over the ridge and escaped from the lake which must have covered those plains at that time. Of course if this theory is correct it is easy to understand how the water, after rising to the top of the ridge, with a fall of about 20 feet in about half a mile, would have force to cut a channel for itself and
the then flooded state of the country, to find out where the water came from, but the probability is that it was the overflow of the arran.
The murrillo conglomerate shows in the banks oP amt comet and is lying on a white rather soft rock, almost as light ‘ss “meer schaum, of which I brought specimens with me. In some places this underlying rock is so soft as to be easily cut with a knife, and in others as hard as flint.* ?
* Within the last few days I have been informed by Mr. Bagot, of Gun- dabline, who has been Ponidiedlt on the Moonie River, near the Queensland
re known to him are the murrillo conglo ; some, of ing above the like those of Gerrarra, only coming to the ey ve the surface and some, | ee 108 aay oe
continent, an t : ‘ a sort of bar which obstructs the flow of the underground water to the south- — West and so causes it to rise up to or near the surface in many places,
4 3 i 2 4G NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.
After leaving the Queensland border I followed the N; River down to ‘the lake, which terminates its course, and whi when. I visited it, was almost full for the second time, as 11
emptying into the Darling, and the only one which does not that river, but after a course of about 100 miles in New Sou Wales falls into a depression in the country and forms a lake.
The Narran Lake has, I peace been dry more than once it was first discovered, and as I was informed by some of th hands in that part of the SEY. will not last much more year after the Narran ceases to flow into it. The lake, a ath the two lakes together, are about 15 miles long, and in about 8 miles wide, Poe cover, as nearly as I could entitle a area of about 35,000 a
The two lakes are connected by an opening of about : yards in width, through which the water flows from the nortit lake which receives the Narran River into the southern -
the lake the channel is well defined and capable of a 7. ca body of water, being about 40 yards
dams. At the time of my visit to Narran Lake, oF Water as it is more commonly called, the river had © running for about six weeks and the lake had begun to showing a sea ove stretch of land round the edge W
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 47
river into the southern lake, which has no apparent outlet. The strange thing about this lake is the enormous quantity of water
Mr. arran River, about 8 miles above the lake, he would of course have a good opportunity of observing it. I endeavoured to form
clusion, as if it were connected with the Darling it is aonnene:
possible but that the place where the Narran water reached the
was dry, but one stockman who had been on the run for some years described it to me as full of large holes. The fact that after the river had ceased to run for six weeks there was still a current
owing from the northern to the southern lake would go to show that the water idly in the southern than
= ~
m the northern portion. Narran Water seems to
T may Say in millions. On on
water’s edge for about 10 miles, and for the whole distance covered for some hundreds of yards from the shore with ducks of all kinds and wild geese, and a little further out were vast flocks of
when the channel is full by examining the crossing-place where the
.
48 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING,
ence a herd of wild pigs that were wallowing in the shallow wai The channel of the Narran River, which has a fringe of low gun
on each side near the lake, has been taken possession of for ab
miles upwards as a breeding place for the cormorants, and at the
ol such numbers that the water was almost black with them in p is is not by any means easant part of the lak
fragments of fish that are lying under the trees, and which po w the air for a considerable distance round, while flocks of
horse and approaching the trees on which the nests were built young birds would immediately throw themselves on to the gr
different people that there does not seem to be any reason to dou
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 49
water reaches the lower part of Mara Creek. Mr. Yeomans, of Gilgoin, showed me a well, which is situated about 10 miles east of Mara Creek and 15 miles south of the Darling, which there flows east and west. The well or spring is called in that part of the country “the cuddie,” which I was informed means, in the language of the aboriginals, “bad water’ ; but as I have heard of two or three places about there called by different names, all of
through the same clay. The cuddie is situated in the centre of a
water has retired, the trunks of the trees, to the height at which it stood, are disco. i
: en levels. When the country was first taken up, the cuddie was simply a bog-hole, which never dried up—always, even in the Scooped oe ae ‘in dry
cooped it out, but forming a dangerous trap for cattle, as, in times, they were sure to be tempted in looking for water, and, G ‘ =i
Mo. Bot. Garden, 1897. a
oe!) - NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING:
- onee in, it was impossible for them to escape from the thick t cious mud, In the last drought, of 1877, Mr. Yeomans fenced zs und in, and sank a well to the depth of 28 feet in’ centre of it, and, as he went down, found the water rising upfi
But the most remarkable thing was that from the surface full depth to which the well was sunk the earth was found full of fossil bones in a splendid state of preservation, many them being beautifully enamelled as if with some deposit from water. Mr. Yeomans told me that many of the bones were thi than a man’s leg, and the skeletons seemed to be complete j the animals had sunk into the treacherous ground. bag we led with some of the bones and taken home, and from time ®~ time they were given away as curiosities to different people d at the date of my visit, all had disappeared except about a fragments of jaws and teeth, which were retained by Mrs. Ye on account of their ornamental appearance ; and in this Ib that lady has done something for science, as the late Mr. B whom one of the teeth was sent, was of opinion that it bel & new species of crocodile.
| m. _ At the time of my visit there had been some heavy ™
_ that a complete collection of the bones of all the
__ that part of the Colony in past times could be made, 08 all animals must have into the trap, and the water
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 51
which is quite clear, insomuch that the bottom of the well can be seen through 28 feet of it, seems to have a preservative effect which would have kept them in a good state. The fact of the animals having sunk into soft mud and never since having been dis- turbed. or rolled about by flowing water, would lead one to expect that very complete skeletons would be found by carefully excavating. e water of the cuddie is rather sweet-tasted and good for
Il. The fact of so many bones being collected in this place would go to show that the country must have been, when diprotodons.
searce, so that these extinct animals were tempted to their destruction
8, were situated in country so nearly level that the water ot sufficient force to cut ehat any
how nearly they approach a dead level. very heavy thunderstorm in the country west of the Bogan wie
seeming to be perfectly still. I have seen some waterholes m neighbourhood of Cobar that are called blackfellows’ tanks, wit are supposed to have been excavated or at least deepened byt aboriginals as camping-places in their hunting expeditions, | they left the river frontages after wet weather ; but these easily distinguished from the gilgies proper by the fact that at® blackfellows’ tanks the clay excavated is still to be seen besidet waterholes, while in the gilgies there is no appearance of any bankment, the ground all round being perfectly level. a v account for the gilgies being few and shallow in the vicimh water-courses or permanent water, and more numerous and di in
at work
other agency than that which originally
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.- 53:
for the formation of small natural depressions a few feet or yards in diameter, as we see them made almost every season. en the ground cracks, and afterwards rain falls so as to close up the cracks, the surface does not return to a perfect level, but every place where a crack was situated forms a hollow by the falling in of the sides, and any of these hollows, if situated in a dry country and capable of holding water for a time, would be sufficient to start a gilgie.
some un mee watercourse.
n most parts of the Duetinge watershed where I have been, but more particularly o on Messrs. Crean and Featherstonhaugh’s run, which is situated between the Calpe and Warrego Rivers, there . are to be seen depressions of 2 0 r 3 feet in depth and sometimes 4
down wit it some portion of the clay soil, and of course mus
ie up to any means so that water would stand in the hollow, - a gilgie would be the result.
I could not hear of any one having attempted to sink a well in one of these depressions, although it seems to me they would be most likely places in whi search for water. _The we -known
in many cases, With supplies of water that would " sieathatintibies and one might also infer, generally, from the fact of the surface water having found its way through the clay at these places, that there the clay mer least thickness and the water-bearing strata nearest to the SU
After r inspecting the runs on Mara Creek, I had to go out to that part of the Colony near the northern boundary, where the Warrego River enters from —_— for the -_— of ap- praising a run called Gerrarra. After crossing th Darling at at Brewarrina, for the second time, I pent out to a station called es situated on the Cato Creek, about 4 miles north
after t a course of a few miles. The Quantambone, or Cato Station, <.
8 it is now called, is the property of Mr. John Todd, and by him
f4 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.
I was told of a remarkable sight which can be seen any morning from the place where his head-station is situa the back of the Cato head-station, in a north-west direction f the Darling, isa very large extent of timberless country, th being nothing in view as far as one can see to the north and wel but a grass-covered plain. On the morning after I reached th Cato I got up about half-an-hour after sunrise, and, looking 0 across the plain to the north-west, I saw, at a distance apparel
of about 3 or 4 miles, a long line of cliffs extending 20
seemed to be growing. examined it carefully with an oper glass, and found that if I had not seen the open plain before, ‘
there is such a dead monotony produced by intensely level pl and stunted trees, with sluggish streams of muddy water wal ing about as if they were uncertain as to which way the
understand how this peeuli at
wmuean POECUAL
from the apparent position of the sun just above the hori
ng, in the same place—that the trees and cliffs are
: The whole scene, as I saw it in August of last year, is ve
getting up early or for the trouble of going to Bre
when, as in my: case, there is left an i ; ( nd it,
-
being able to un
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 55
I reached Gerrarra three days after leaving the Cato, and had an opportunity on the way of examining the cane swamps as they are called, of which I have more to say further on. Gerrarra, or Gerrarra Springs, belongs to a Mr. Shearer (who is a very old resi- dent in that part of the country), and is only remarkable for the springs from which the run takes its name. There are two springs situated within about a mile and a half of each other in a line i
in th ‘direction, which were known to him for a distance of 150 miles, i ing in some cases like those at Gerrarra, close together and in others separated by long intervals of waterless country. Some of the springs in this line overflow and some, as
coloured sand slightly cemented together, out of which the water was coming. The cemented sand was resting on a very hard con- ee composed chiefly of quartz pebbles ; in fact, the same
by droughts, and stands in these springs at a few feet below the general level of the surface of the country, not flowing over but standing always at the same height. They are situate nearly midway between the Culgoa and Warrego Rivers, being about 26 miles from the former and 35 —— from the latter, and about 20 miles south of the acemioat
are a the Warrego, between the Queensland and Bourke, and though I have seen some in other
amps there are small islands, raised about a foot above the general ee evel, scattered over most of the flats, and on these islands, which
BG: + NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.
grass does not grow, but instead we find different kinds of sa such as grow on ordinary salt-bush plains. The islands seer 4 ] bv 21: a aay bP ae
tanks ; as if a tank is made in any part of the cane swamp all it
8 undrinkable ; but this is a drawback which affects more all tanks in the Darling country, and the only remedy is #] vent the stock from going into the tanks at all. :
I had an opportunity when I was out there of exami tanks that had just been excavated in cane swamps and whi not been filled with water, so that I could see what the
making inquiries among the people who have been sinking in such places, I was told that t ey never find anything
: stones or gra What makes this fact remarkable is that though the cane *"
epressic ns slowly silted up, and though there does not seem to be # ‘Sufficient impetus to carry j d grav scattered over the present ee ee ee
to me to be ordinary trap rock, i] yuna, ~ tie
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 57
These fragments, which are of all sizes up to about 3 inches in diameter, have no appearance of having been carried along in water, as the corners are perfectly angular, and they are not embedded in the clay, but rest on the surface as if they had only been just laid there. I could not find out where they came
journey. An explanation, offered by Mr. Crosse, a squatter in
are situated, that the stones are of meteoric origin seems to me not to meet the difficulty. First, it seems strange that there should in that part of the country have been such a very large shower of meteoric stones when in the rest of the world showers
to give up the idea of examining them. I believe they are to be found scattered over a large area of the north-western part of the Colony, as I heard of them being in many places, and from
58 : NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING,
‘opened for it. I should think that the cheapest method of this would be by means of tube wells, which could be forced
g, near Louth, I saw a
At a station which I was inspectin pe ing salt water from a well
curious effect. produced by mixin tho from the well with it,
water in the tank had become almost quite clear, having aps a thick sediment at the bottom, and was free from any smell, and on tasting I could just detect the saltness of 1 water. The proportion in the mixture was not, I should more than one of salt, water to twenty of muddy, and the
of gets re was not capable of holding in suspension ba From Louth I returned to Bourk af iding ¥ oa e, and, after prov. ith fresh horses, started out into the dry country situated the Darling, Lachlan, ivers. There is a large country almost enclosed by these three rivers, over 2¥
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 59
space on the maps of the Colony. The country seems to rise with a very gradual slope from the Darling, at Bourke, in a southerly direction towards the Lachlan for about 150 miles, to near Gill-
ia, and all the water up to that point goes in the direction of the Darling, but there are no water-courses marked on the maps
the direction of all the three rivers named—this being, as it were, the centre of dispersion. The gullies coming out from the moun-
I an opportunity of examining them, to be composed of trap.
Springs are to be found in some pl g the mountains, but as they seem to be only the result of local drainage they are not of much importance except to the owners, ere is a creek calle
defined — on the maps of the Colony, nor even on the run maps ©! e Occupation Office, which rises at Mothumbil, about 30 miles
pass down it, but except in flood-time there is no water apparent in the channel. By digging in the coarse sand with which it is
which the creek passes are watered. All along Sandy (or Crowl - - it 1s called in some places), which has not been made a
: ntage in laying out the runs, the lessees seem to know
ae i into the Mallee country and isappeared, some that it spread out over the level land and Darling
Lae y . : from 3 3 but I did not meet with —— ae —
>
60 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.
The work of stocking this dry country is a slow and lab
s, and there has been a considerable amount of hard danger attached to it, but within the last four or five ‘many stations have been made and so much country fenced
to country has been going on faster round Cobar for some: five years past than in any other part of the Colony, the
supply tank. 5 filled sooner or later, a large men is set to work with drays, ploughs, scoops, and t€ horses or bullocks, to excavate a permanent tank, water draught animals in th
) lony is generally weary work, but tank is filled and chasell ae on sosslly phe a The station-buildings are erected, stock bought, and %¢
-sinkers set to work in all directions, drawing of water in drays or waggons from the first course if there are a few good gilgies that will h or three months scattered about the run there will
?
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING, 61
saving of time, but even then, and when capital is plentiful, the lessee will in very few cases get any return for hi i
until after the lapse of at least two years, and the time may be extended by a few adverse seasons to four or five years, which
are passed through our ports. These are the spoils, and the export entries are often the only records of victories as great and glorious as any that have ever been won by “the hardy Anglo-Saxons, to
to be met and where lives are sometimes lost, is not done with any
public or patriotic object in view; but, nevertheless, the public
will and do reap the benefit, and the men who undertake it
deserve all the honour and encouragement that can be given to em.
We see and hear much of the successes, but the failures—the cases in which money and youth, and courage and energy, and even life, have been expended in vain—go unrecorded. I suppose there must be failures; sacrifices must be offered to the spirit of progress-—often the best we have ; but when the victory is won, 1s it well to reward with abuse those who have fought the battle for
When Jack Smith, with his trusty revolver at his side, goes forth into the unknown wilderness in search of a new run ora new gold-field, risking all that he has, even to his life, he is doing as ress = and, although he is unconscious of it, is as much a hero
s.
These back lathes had little i no value in their natural state, and the value which they now possess is chiefly that which has
n given to them by the money and energy which have been expended on them, and these certainly formed no part of “the public estate,”
To people who have seen these things and know what settle- ment in the dry back country really is, it is not a little stin
hear the outcry that is continually being made about great
62 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING
fortunes acquired out of “the public estate” and at expense, and the outcry is loudest among the people taken no part in the struggle, and whose wages, work, and are being increased by what is going on. e rew squatters, and more particularly the back-blockers, recei into consideration the numbers engaged in the work and portion of successes to failures, is not excessive, and fp seem to get for their reward, in ninety-nine cases out of a nothing at all.
If the sale of land in all the outside country, exe
of town and suburban settlement, were ab
of water, and second, because in no case can one find the strata such as is so
apware times, geologica cleared the water off and left it as we now =< it, ble and across to the Hunter, noticing that as I appr Dividing Range there was a gradual increase
em getting smaller as I went west. Before concluding this paper, the lity of finding water under
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 63
it to the surface by boring in the Western plains. The materials at my command are not numerous, being very little besides Mr. Russell’s rainfall observations and calculations as to the outflow of the Darling, and what I have been able to collect myself in a journey of about five months’ duration, and they apply to a vast area of country, so that I am not at all sure that the time has yet come for arranging them and endeavouring to show what lesson they teach. But, on the ground that no harm can be done by opinions based on even a few facts, I have decided to make the
g rtal , Russell undertook to draw up the circular, and I referred the Min- ister to him as a guarantee that the object in view was of some
their
received a reply informing me that the Honorable the Minister for Mines did not think the appraisers should be delayed in their work, and for that reason would not forward the circular. How- ~ ever, as allthe runs have to be appraised every five years, it is to
hoped that some future Minister may be advised to request the appraisers to make notes of all natural springs and wells giving @ large supply of water in the Darling watershed, with the depth of the wells, depth at which water stands, whether wes by dry
. UL
obtaining water in large quantities in any particular part of the
delay them to any appreciable extent. They would, in fact, give — scientific men, who are not, as a rule, to be found on the frontiers
of civilization, an opportunity of attempting the solution of a problem which is of the very greatest importance to this and other Solonies, On the supposition that there is a great drainage system under the Western plains, taking away to the ocean that part of the rainfall which is not accounted for either by evaporation or by the outflow of the Darling River (and this seems to pra:
64 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING,
red wells. There is such a sameness about all the Westen
impossible, that the underground water should find its way to the sea either on our northern or eastern coasts. ‘The maps of the interior of Australia are not, of course, very accurate yet, and it
is only possible from them to make a fair guess at the genertl direction of the high land. But many thin that all the western parts of New South Wales and Queensland,
rocks, the arrangement of the clay with reference to them seemed
them while they were in exactly the same state as they ar a
now, and that afterwards a gradual upheaval of the whole ws ens
Ider
es That the underground water would take the same general ai tion as the surface water seems probable, but that the unc
drainage system is in any other way a counterpart
be im-
mensely in excess of the surface water, and would, in @ “
the surface soil was deposited, and where these lowest
re ero d in fact 0& to the 8 . certain part of the annual rainfall, and one underground, et y an ancient river system, carrying off by far the larger portio®
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING. 65
Tt may be that the underground water finds its way out along e bed of an ancient inland sea or gulf, something like the Baltic, in which case there would not be any well-definded drainage system, but it would pass along through the most permeable strata, and in either case would tend to rise above the surface wherever
obstructions were met with. So little is known of what is under
Queensland, or on the western coast of Australia, I cannot say much
as to the probability of either of those connections having existed, but as far as I
Which, though not very deep, seems to be connected with some Part of the underground drainage system. This well is 40 feet
Water, 26 feet of hard cemented sand which crumbles down on . posure to the air, contains some waterworn pebbles, and is also impervious to water, and 5 feet of loose running sand; and the water on being reached rose to within 10 feet of the surface, foming up through the bottom in a thick spout. Mr. Meddlicot a. rod 14 feet long down through the hole out of which © water comes without meeting with any obstruction. Water brings with it some sand and fills the well up to the level at ich the loose sand was first struck, so that it has to be cleaned — from time to time. There is now in the well a ee F pump and a steam-engine attached, with which it 1s Possible: to eit oot the water in ra half a day; but the fact si the water can be reduced does not arise from a lowering of well ce of supply, but only from the sand which comes into the obstructing the inflow of water. the #4! Proved by the fact that a well, situated 100 yards from first, sunk through the same strata, except that the cemented H
66 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING
sand begins from near the surface, dark clay being absent, reach
.
rise in the older “formations by which the water is, as it were dammed back and brought to the surface. Still in the same direction we reach the region of the mud springs on the Warreg? and Parco Rivers, which indicate a considerable head of press in the water that causes them. About 80 miles a little to the
which also has sufficient pressure to carry the water abore fe surface, and which is described in another part of this pape? Tourale, between Bourke and Louth, I was told there is 4 i<— _ well, giving large quantities of water, but as my appralse® work did not allow me to inspect it I was unable to got many particulars. It is situated about 40 miles west of the pa but how deep it is, what is the quantity of water flowing out, the strata through which it has been sunk, I was unable err The general fall of the country as shown by my own notes theit distance to which dams throw back the water per foot of “a height, and the general direction of the rivers, is to the osegee’? in and is not more than 1 foot nor less than 6 inches to the ® have all the Darling country from Queensland to Louth, where I ri had an opportunity of travelling. The fall is remarkably i ee and I think 9 inches to the mile is as nearly as possib s
That all these Springs and wells draw their supplies from bl } 8 very
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING, 67
the permeable strata were narrow, and winding about to a certain extent as rivers do on the surface; and it is quite possible that two wells, comparatively close together, might strike different branches of the same drainage system and the water stand in them at different levels. The same water which supplies the well at Booroora, if tapped at Tourale (although Booroora, where the water stands at 10 feet from the surface, is nearly 150 feet higher than Tourale), would not there rise 140 feet above the surface, but the rise would depend altogether on the freedom of the outlet from Tourale to the sea. Wherever the obstructions to the free passage of the water were great there would be upward pressure, and where the water-way was open there would be no tendency to rise above the surface, although the supply to be obtained by . pumping would be just as great in one case as in the other. Tube wells will have an advantage over open shafts in so far.as the water can be prevented from escaping through the sides in any fissure or porous strata that may be above the water-bearing strata. is will be made clear by supposing a well to have reached a supply of water that comes in at the rate of 100 gallons per minute, with sufficient force to bring it up to the surface. When the
area of country in Queensland to the north of this, in which the rainfall is comparatively heavy, which seems to have no outlet for its waters by surface drainage, and the mud springs which are Scattered about the country show, I think beyond question, that the water is there and that the force with which it tends to rise to the surface is very great. The only part of the western country in which I have been where it seems to me improbable that watt
boring oo of dry country between the Darling and Lachlan Rivers
: estern plai : it Iam inclined to : plains, and from what I saw of it Lam inc that the older strata in which the clay rests are there above
68 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.
the general level of the Darling country, and being cut off from the higher land on the east by a long stretch of country from near the Bogan to beyond Gilgunnia, in which the older rocks come to the surface, it seems unlikely that there could be any unde
When Mr. Russell first put forward the theory of an under- _ ground drainage system to explain the great disparity between the
ground channels in all directions would in many places cut through the clay beds and form communications with the underground water, so that strong springs would be numerous in the Darling and its tributaries, but when one has examined the Darling and
cut across and expose the edges, and the rivers themselves are
little better than shallow gutters cut in the clay. ‘ The Mara Creek (which is the channel by which the Macquari¢
waters reach the Darling), the Namoi, Narran, Bokira, Culgoa
rivers. ; no soakage of water from the rivers under the adjacent. county, inge, new
: banks and flooded water in the well was not affected at all. On the Bogan, told of a well having been sunk in the bed of the river during dr ‘ought of 1877, to a depth of 40 feet, through perfectly ay thout finding any water, and in another part of the same™
NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING, 69
I saw a series of dams, by which the water was thrown back for
any miles, and as far as I could learn there was no escape of water through the banks in any part; and it is the same in all the other tributaries of the Darling where I have seen or heard
ing made. To one who has been used to the v ‘Scenery of an undulating or mountainous country, the terrible sameness of everything in the interior of the Colony is almost
i Trees, rivers, and plains are all exactly the same for
hundreds of miles, and everything about the rivers, after getting away from the Great Dividing Range and well into the interior, is different from what one would expect from a knowledge of the rivers of any other great drainage system ; and the difference is, as I said before, that here the rivers have neither made nor modi- fied the country.
each other ; and if they did, the facts are scattered in so many hands that the first and most important work must be to collect and place them on record.
Since writing this paper I received from Mr. John Todd, who was lately residing at the Cato, near Brewarrina, an account gs Australia, not far from the coast. The information is of so much importance, and seems to bear so directly on the question at issue, that I give it in Mr. Todd’s own words :— :
“ Regarding the information you asked me for. The station that Thad in South Australia was distant about 25 miles from Guichen Bay and a little further from Rivoli Bay. There was @ coast
springs exist, which when opened up keep a constant = Pply of water for stock. Then, on the coast side of the range i i o of which the water comes
hese also strong spri , in bubbling up shock” 2 feet “high, which shows there must be @
70 NOTES OF A JOURNEY ON THE DARLING.
strong underground current. On the flat country we used to dig out waterholes, so that the stock could water at them. They would be from 10 to 12 feet deep, sometimes less where the ground was of a stony character. I have seen fish from 4 to 7 inches
“On another part of the run there was a low-lying range About the middle of this I took out a waterhole, and into this one came leeches—the same kind as doctors use. The hole had no communication with any swamps.”
Astronomy of the Australian Aborigines. By the Rey. Peter MacPuerson, M.A.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 6 July, 1881.]
Ir is not my purpose merely to give a list of aboriginal names of stars and constellations. Looking over the materials to hand, and
arrangements of the stars ! ere are, indeed, evidences of imagination in tracing resemblances between objects on the
and the outline formed by certain stars. Thus we have the Northern Crown forming the curve of a boomerang; a group of stars in the Lion (as it appears to me) exhibiting the shape of an eagle's claw; the Crow, asa kangaroo; the Coal-sack, as the body of an emu ; the stars composing the Dolphin, asa great fish ; and the streams of stars in Berenice’s Hair, as a tree with three principal brane es, c
nection was made between certuin stars and the seasons of
year. Thus, the Pleiades (Larnankurrk) are a group of young females playing to a corroboree party of young men ( ulkunbulla), e-
K represented by the belt and dirk of Orion. The red star Ald baran, Gellarlec, or rose-crested Cockatoo, is an old man keep-
- 92 ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES.
individual bright stars as Sirius and Aldebaran. As the year advances we come to the Twins, who are two hunters, Yurre and Wanjel. These pursue and kill Capella, which in the aboriginal mythology is called Purra, and represents a kangaroo. The mirage is the smoke of the fire at which Purra is cooked by
The winter also has its ruling stars. These are Arcturus am Vega. Arcturus is known by the name Marpeankurrk, and 18 held in great respect for having taught aborigines where to find
element of food during October. Here then are two represent ding with the two representative groups of stars
e guiding ideas in one a are the corroboree and the kangaroo hunt ; in the other case, ©"
aboriginal legends. In their oral literature the Cross i affords safety to Bunya (the Opossum) that was Pp changal (the Emu). The story goes that he i for his cowardice. Tchingal ti ears to be the im rsonation of evil, and is identified with the Doakaack: The pa of this - Space somewhat resembles the rough outline of the body of é emu, and hence it would seem tis the dusky figure of the em eee the impersonation of evil. The
in fear
into the tree at the e Stars, one in an arm, the other in the foot of the Cross. i t
nal theology seems specially connected with Cross
region and th | . i : e Southern The ee oot ‘ guished |
18 called War, or the Crow, which occupies &@ mi!
left bis
; Pointers ae great warriors who spear and kill Tchingal, and their spear” two points represented by the two porigk
ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. 73
place in aboriginal legends. Canopus is the male, and the small red star No. 966 in King Charles’ Oak, the female Crow. Strangely
e is the Prometheus, the fire-bringer, whose good deeds
are celebrated in fire-legends over the greatest part of Australia. Having got something like systematic arrangements, the ques- tion occurred whether other arrangements might be discoverable from the materials Mr. Stanbridge supplied, though they were not pointed out by him. Thus we find that Arcturus (Marpean- kurrk) is the mother of Antares, which the Boorong people
& systematic grouping has been made. Three stars near
other, and in a line or nearly so, form a starting-point. Hence
we have the three stars in Orion’s belt, the three in the Scorpion, i i All are
‘ with Antares in the middle, and the three in
brought into service. These three triads of stars are of such a stand out im a Those
The three stars in Orion are the most regular in size and position. Of the three stars in the Eagle group, the one in the middle is by far the largest ; and of the Scorpion group, the one in the middle 18 not only the largest but it is also the red star Antares, the rival of the planet Mars, which sometimes comes in the vicinity of
near together, becomes, as a whole, a starting-point to be asso- Clated with other points to form a new linear group on & larger forming a much longer line across the heavens. The triad 0!
in the Scorpion becomes a starting-point from which a line is pro-
tar Vega in another. Thus the triadic arrangement is fully car- nied out in three out of four groups.
a
74 ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES.
The | arrangement in regard to Totyarguil is not injured by his boomerang being sent out of line to occupy the curve of the
$
Moreover, the aboriginal astronomers who constructed the system we are unfolding were content with three points in a line This is very noticeable in the case of the group embracing Orion's
belt, Aldebaran, and the Pleiades. Those engaged in making out i n
h . the ideas
t inear arrangement exists to suit rs, é
put dis
3 All are tolerably arallel to the horizon as they mak i ri y mi E eee evening sky in their several seasons, 10 south latitudes about 36°, which is thet of the Mallee Serub about Lake Ty")
Here there is an ingenious utilitarian scheme of the amar ; vie Seen varlous attempts made to group these bodies ie REPS: manner, so as to assist observers in acquiring
ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. | 75
in distinguishing the different stars, but I do not remember any of them so successful as this. Necessity is the mother of invention, and no doubt the circumstances of aboriginal Herschels of the Mallee Scrub contributed to their success in the matter.
The name Aguila is perhaps preserved in the aboriginal name, ToryaRGUIL.
Let us follow a different line of inquiry. Glancing over the
i fin
.
aboriginal combination of astronomy and mythology, we find
quadrupeds. When we come to birds, we find the eagle, the crow, and other birds fixed in the mythological skies by _ inhabitants of Asia and Europe, and by those of Australia.
of men in Orion going through the evolutions of the corro
represented as a group of young damsels. mythology the faint Plei arses, is obscure compared with the others, becau:
i ut > d analogies, Even the special notice of the less brilliant Merope 80 near the surface of observation that it would be unsafe to
d much upon it. These coincidences, however, should be
76 ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES.
noticed, as in the course of further investigation other circum stances may come to light which would invest them with new value and importance. he cluster of stars belonging to the Dolphin occurs in Malle astronomy as the Great Fish. But here again, as the outline of the group is not unlike that of a fish, the resemblance might easily — be noticed by independent observers. We have seen that eagles and crows, as well as other birds, have been elevated to the skies Unfortunately, however, the aborigines have sent up so may eagles and crows, that the probabilities in favour of identification are lessened thereby. Sirius and Rigel are male and female eagles. tair and Vega (according to Mr. Ridley) are both eagles, and the orthern Crown is their nest. One of the Twins appears also
European languages. As re some : guages. gards our present purpose, exists for believing that the name Zotyarguil not only refers toaD
_ Latin aquila itself. Let us then examine the name Tot argu
the aboriginal name of the star Atair, in Aquila. That it nie
to the bright star of the group rather than to the group itself the
not stop our progress. The particular often expands int
general, and conversely, the general often concretes into Oe ticular. Moreover, the fact exists that Ptolemy applies ae
eagle (actos) to the bright star itself. .. $he e first part of the word—Toty—is easily discovered 12 ®
vocabularies to be an abbreviated form of the word towrlé © alk
rguil, then, means the star Argull.
: form, teired, signe”
heavenly constellations. On the shield of Ach illes, made by a ne poet tells us, “The earth and sky and sea, . . . and all the iad,
(teirea) with which heaven is crowned,” were rep sented.—(
ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. 7
B. xviii, 484-7.) The root is wide-spread, being found in the Persian, Zend, and Sanscrit of Asia; in the Gothic, with its numerous modern descendants in Europe ; in the Latin, with its numerous descendants ; in the Greek, and in the Armoric branch of the Celtic language. may be here noticed that the sibilant, the letter s, is almost wholly wanting in aboriginal dialects. Now, althoug it occurs in so many roots, the Sanscrit and the Greek supply forms which elt “i
q, as also with the aspirate forms gh, &e., all belong to one class
east of Tasmania. There is one word of special interest ; it is word Coolapatamba. This is the aboriginal name of Mount Cairneross, in New England. The meaning of it has been
thatorin waa-pil, an eagle, and also war-pil an eagle. It be — of course, that there are other forms in gl, &e., ts of aquila, in whic 8 various forms
i ce between English and Continental spelling. Thus
ar Ualee of Bishop ee a obviously the same as the Wobjar Sir rge Grey. We have an 7 in the one which is not in the The word Woljar is not unlike Vulture, and it means @
ture. As to the other forms, they arise from the well-known Variations which characterize the labials: p aspirated becomes
~
78 ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES,
_ The dropping of the initial stem-letter in a number of the forms
requires to be noticed. An inspection of the rows of words givel
from the vocabularies of aboriginal words leaves no doubt that 1t
is the same root which is perpetuated through the series, though
with many modifications. The chief modification is the droppings
of the initial stem-letter represented by g, k, q, or ¢; but . c
Europe and Asia. The Latin aguila, with its modern ee x, representative aguila, closely resembles the agal-eg of Cape South the walt of the Malay and Arabic languages, the willo of us a. : to The aboriginal name Totyarguil, with modifications, seems reappear both in South Australia and Tasmania. In the ia
the year. Now, if Tot :
pretty plain that Wiltutti exhibits the same roots “ Ne reve other South Australian form is Mpbesigeiser = g. This agrees with the twofold division betwee Summer group and the winter group, the eagle group bel and the latter. Again, the vocabulary of Messrs. Teichelman” 0 Schiirmann gives the word Willo as meaning an.eagle, a mere
contraction of Wiltutéi the eagle—is a ruling sign in the heavens. ‘These associat to fix Totyarquil and Wiltutti as really the same nam w occurrence in South Australia of the name Wiltutl,
ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES, 79
appears to be compounded of the same roots as Totyarquil, is not very wonderful, considering that the Mallee country extends far into South Australia. The occurrence of the word Weelaty in the south-east of Tasmania is more noticeable. This word means an eagle, and readily takes its place with the South Australian
belongs to Victoria as a triangle, whose sides are about 200 miles in length. The area is about 13,000,000 of acres, and occu- ples about one-fifth of the whole area of the Colony. No river
S bewildering. expanse of open ocean. This was * Suitable region for the cultivation of a knowledge of the stars.
: : e materials preserved, which we have been investigating, seem pretty fairly to establish this claim.
80 ASTRONOMY OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES.
European and Asiatic words for eagle, hawk, &e. (1.) With stem letters of Aquila.
Aquila ........... gle,
ila. GL_ eagle, Spanish MER jeer ns senses GL_ eagle, French Os Seren eh eagle, Englis
lish.
_. (2.) Dropping the initial guttural. (Aquila “ Wali WL eagle, Malay, &e.
Australian words for eagle. (1.) With same stem letters as Aquila.
Agal-eg GL Goel ren GL eagle, Tasmania
seaepestcas CL eagle, Wilson River r, N.S.W. aad ere K L_ eagle, Manning River, N.S.W. 3 Se a CL ‘where the eagle drinks,” Mount ee nae N.S.W. Klu-roong KL hawk, Victori Reis one KL hawk, Western Australia. WEDGE ia. ciuisis bees, GL eagle, V Pie Ekadie KL hawk, South 5 Anatolia (2.) Dropping the initial guttural. pre pping gu : eek \ UL eagle, Western Australia. WPI ii. tives WL eagle, laide. Wil-to W L star, eagle, Adelaide. l-tu W L season of year, Adelaide. Wil-latti W L spring, Ad eel-aty........, WL eagle, Tasm ‘di cai Wt ture, Western Australia. eg oe ee BL eagle, Darling River. ec eee BL eagle, E erm River. AE So BL_ eagle, Murray River. Pul-tyak...:..... PL eagle, } oe. ogee 2, 5 abo eS newk, | Pirr-pil — ee PL eagle, \ Vest of Vicborin em PL eagle, Richardson River, Mire i tee... ER PL eagle, per River, Victo 7 "susie iad ML hawk, South Au ML hawk, Western Au opal Paci sieucs ML eagle, New South Wales. Mul-lion........, ML eagle, Kamilaroi Mur len 0... MIL eagle, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. Ste ae ML hawk, Victoria. Jam-mul Jam-mul hee eee dank? ML _ hawk, Port J: a
hi The authorities for the foregoing Australian elmanD reton (Lieut.), Mitchell (Sir T. L. ), Stokes (Capt. >) Teicha oe (Revs.), — s Salvado (Bishop), M‘Gi ve igan, Ridley (Rev.), R gh Smyth, and Dawson, toge with some manuscript rscbabotinn
The Spectrum and Appearance of the recent Comet. By H. C. Russext, B.A., F.R.A.S.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 6 July, 1881.]
I saw the comet first on the evening of May 25th. It was then a conspicuous object with the naked eye, and with the aid of a binocular glass I traced the tail twelve degrees. With the 11}- inch refractor the nucleus was very well defined ; it appeared a little oval in shape, the longer axis being coincident with the direction of the tail. There was a slight coma in front of it. The diameter of the nucleus was four seconds of are.
the cl T a had very much increased in front of the nucleus, The morning of June 5th was fine, a still greater m ma was visible, the greater part of it in front of
over a small star, ninth magnitude, some of the brighter parts of the coma going over it without stopping any of its light, so far = could see. This star with others in the are shown in
Star was obtained. It was remarkable the change in the coma Which seemed to have taken place since the morning, but from its Subsequent appearance I think it must have been our atmosphere that prevented me from seeing as much of the coma in the evening of the 5th as I did in the morning.
n the morning of June 6th I obtained a good set of measures of the comet and a seven magnitude star, and on the evening of
on in the coma. This was the only time that there seemed to any dark shadow behind the nucleus, and I may mention that the 1
82 SPECTRUM AND APPEARANCE OF THE RECENT COMET.
The spectroscope I used was by Browning, and capable of clearly
dividing the D lines, and the measures were made by means ofa
micrometer. While working at the comet I was unable to use artificial light, and therefore adopted the method of making the
lines disappear behind a bar in the field of view, with very sau |
factory results. For the purpose of securing the exact positions
of the bright lines, I turned the telescope to the moon then shining
and measured the nearest Fraunhafer lines while the micrometét
was in the same position as it was when used for the comet. Turning the telescope so that the slit of the spectroscope T
ceived light from the tail of the comet, I found it was too aint to
admit of good measures to the centre of each. The middle line was by far the brightest; the next in brilliance was in the yellows and the third and faintest was in the violet. ‘The whole Mam spectrum increased in brightness as the slit approached t
but when the nucleus itself was on the slit all the additional :
seemed concentrated in the middle of the B line until it shone
almost like a star, and quite as bright as the nucleus — at
ing that its light is monochromatic. Even in the brig est part” the comet I was unable to see any dark lines in the contmue™ spectrum. I think the reason was its faintness,
reason to doubt that at least part of it 18 caused my sunlight ; but our atmosphere or gases in the § int it
us would not reflect so much light as the comet does; ‘seems probable that highly heated solid matter
of it. The solar heat at that distance from t no m 7 : ; 7 cence such as the bright lines prove the gas to be in- °. ward for the observed facts se eicl theories have been put frictio®
agitation as it approaches the sun, and that this shines fn set
discharge. Another is that it is due to chemical of aS
up as the comet approaches the sun. In su roach oUF © may be said that meteors burning as they ap ‘5 indicate give spectra with bright metallic lines which see! ae
must give me he comet ka
‘y
¢
¥ ee ‘es
ns
SPECTRUM AND APPEARANCE OF THE RECENT COMET. 8&3
that they have matter in an oxidizable shape, and it may be that the comets as they approach the sun find conditions existing which cause a violent chemical action on their surfaces. The subject is a difficult one, but whatever be the —_ cause we know that it is very energetic, because we can see effects from day to ey, and the changes going on take place on ie side nearest the
I took io. sets of measures of the lines ae the evening of June 6th ; for the first a low w power was used on the reading telescope,
The means of these gave for A line the wave length 5580; for B, 513-5 ; for C, 467°3. A higher power was then used : the
gave 512-4, By this time the comet had got so low that I could not see the line ©. The measures, considering the position of the comet, and the difficulty of getting them at all during the short time between daylight and the comet’s setting, are very satisfacto
In the standard works of reference the information about cometary spectra is very meagre. I was magne very glad to receive in May a very valuable work on the spectra of comets, and similar carbon spectra, by Dr. B. Hasselberg, of “4 AGP i ee : the work was published in "1880, and gives a tabular statement of the spectra of comets up to 1879. Taking the twelve comets
There are carbon lines at 559° ae 9 ed 467: 5. roa iz. ©. Wave le Mean of. coabes comets...... 556°4 512°7 470°6 Recent comet 558'] 513-0 467°3 Retton tite 558°2 513°9 5
., Searching for a terrestrial substance that would give a spectrum like that of comets, Dr. Huggins found that some of the hydro-
having oi ~ it occurred to to Professor A. W. Wright ae aye
i
84 SPECTRUM AND APPEARANCE OF THE RECENT COMET.
2 bonic acid and carbonic oxide; at higher temperatures hydrogen predominated, as it does in metallic meteors. When examined with the spectroscope these gases gave a brilliant spectrum, in which the carbon lines quite eclipsed those of hydrogen, the brightest being three lines in the green, which Professor Wright says are precisely the same as the comet lines. In the extract from his paper on this subject which I have seen in the Reports of the British Association the wave lengths are not given, so that we are unable to see if they have exactly the same position as the average of all the’ measures of comets, for the different comets have given slightly different values of these lines. We may, however, take 1 as proven that the spectrum of the gases yielded by some meteors 8 coincident with the comet spectrum ; and this is the strongest evidence that the substance is the same in both cases, and there fore probably derived from the same source. If in addition to this
that there is very good reason for the supposition which is de generally accepted, that they have had a common origin. What that may have been is yet to be proven ; at present several theories are put forward. One makes meteors the fragments of a Shavit
rp far removed from the attraction of the larger planetary pee
that it obeyed the smaller and nearer centres, forming worlds revolving round the sun, so light and so far
mass. 2 tempest
cementing together seems to have been done at a
SPECTRUM AND APPEARANCE OF THE RECENT COMET. 85
sufficient to keep iron in a fluid state, for it is distributed through the mass of the meteor as if it were the cement.
But I will not detain you with these speculations, which open such a wide field of investigation. I hope I have said enough to indicate the direction in which the investigation is proceeding, and the importance of testing with the spectroscope another member o the meteor-comet system.
On June 7 the weather was again cloudy, and I only caught a glimpse of the comet between clouds, and obtained the sketch D, which shows a remarkable change in the coma. I then put on a
the red end of the spectrum, but before I could obtain any measures it was gone, and I did not get another opportunity of testing the spectrum.
a. far in front by its velocity, and then turned grace to form part of the tail. a
.On the evening of June 5 the coma was not so striking. It still presented two branches, but neither developed to the same — as when seen in the morning; the difference was I think ue to the state of our atmosphere, which prevented me from Seeing clear]
re On the evening of June 6th I had a fine view of it, and this 4s the only occasion in which there seemed to be a shadow or » Cone in the rear of the nucleus. The coma was more com ous than ever, and presented the appearance of a bird with
¥
86 SPECTRUM AND APPEARANCE OF THE RECENT COMET,
turned right to the tail, thus forming two enormous hook-like
outstretched wings in front of the nucleus ; and the branch. firs seen in the _- of the 5th was increased, and turned directly to the tail. (See Drawing C.) 3
On the evening of June 7th the — in front of the nucleus had divided into two shoots, which extended a grea t distance in front of the nucleus, and then ae ‘cnseballe ada the =
appendages, and the branch on the following side was very much q
. but retained the same general direction. (See Drawing 7
ee Altogether, it ee a most striking appearance, — I shall not soon forget.
[Four drawings. |
On Comet II, 1881. By Jouy Tessurt, F.R.A.S.
[Read before the Royal Society of N.S. W., 7 September, 1881.]
I susmirrep to the Astronomical Section of the Royal Society, at
their last meeting (August 5), an approximate determination of the orbit of the Comet which visited us in May and June last. That
elements of the great comet of 1807, the longitudes in both systems being referred to the mean equinox of 1881-0.
= Comet II, 1881. Comet, 1807. 2 d.
Perihelion passage, G.M.T... 1881, June 1630995 1807, Sept. 18°79 Longitude of perihelion ...... 264° 56" 15"°5 ani? 57’ Longitude of ascendingnode 270 54 0 ~ 967 49 Thclination of orbit eee 27 14:0 63 10 Perihelion distance 0°7357075 06461
ssc Direct Direct
But the recent fine comet is not the only one which has been GR to be a return of the great comet of 1807. On the 16th
ber last a comet was discovered by Pechiile at the Observa- tory of Copenhagen. It was observed for some time in northern hemisphere, and its orbit has been computed by several astronomers,
88 ' ON COMET II, 1881,
From these calculations I have selected the following, by Her Ambronn, of Hamburg, as it is based on the longest series of observations :— <<